Ultrasonic Guided-Waves Sensors and Integrated Structural Health Monitoring Systems for Impact Detection and Localization: A Review

This review article is focused on the analysis of the state of the art of sensors for guided ultrasonic waves for the detection and localization of impacts for structural health monitoring (SHM). The recent developments in sensor technologies are then reported and discussed through the many references in recent scientific literature. The physical phenomena that are related to impact event and the related main physical quantities are then introduced to discuss their importance in the development of the hardware and software components for SHM systems. An important aspect of the article is the description of the different ultrasonic sensor technologies that are currently present in the literature and what advantages and disadvantages they could bring in relation to the various phenomena investigated. In this context, the analysis of the front-end electronics is deepened, the type of data transmission both in terms of wired and wireless technology and of online and offline signal processing. The integration aspects of sensors for the creation of networks with autonomous nodes with the possibility of powering through energy harvesting devices and the embedded processing capacity is also studied. Finally, the emerging sector of processing techniques using deep learning and artificial intelligence concludes the review by indicating the potential for the detection and autonomous characterization of the impacts.

Ultrasonic Guided-Waves Sensors and Integrated Structural Health Monitoring Systems for Impact Detection and Localization: A Review

This review article is focused on the analysis of the state of the art of sensors for guided 9 ultrasonic waves for the detection and localization of impacts, therefore of interest for the structural 10 health monitoring (SHM). The recent developments in sensor technologies are then reported and 11 discussed through the many references in recent scientific literature. The physical phenomena re-12 lated to impact event and the main physical quantities are then introduced to discuss their im-13 portance in the development of the hardware and software components for SHM systems. An im-14 portant aspect of the article is the description of the different ultrasonic sensor technologies cur-15 rently present in the literature and what advantages and disadvantages they could bring, in relation 16 to the various phenomena investigated. In this context, the analysis of the front-end electronics is 17 deepened, the type of data transmission both in terms of wired and wireless technology and in terms 18 of online and offline signal processing. The integration aspects of sensors for the creation of net-19 works with autonomous nodes with the possibility of powering through energy harvesting devices 20 and the embedded processing capacity is also studied. Finally, the emerging sector of processing 21 techniques using deep learning and artificial intelligence concludes the review by indicating the 22 potential for the detection and autonomous characterization of the impacts.

Analysis of Black-Hole Attack With Its Mitigation Techniques in Ad-hoc Network

In wired and wireless communication, providing security is extremely important. It is a very challenging issue. But the flying evolution in communication technology has triggered to sturdy research interest in wireless networks. The characteristics of wireless networks make this issue even more challenging. In Ad-hoc networks, there is a huddle of autonomous nodes, which dynamically form a temporary multi-hopped, peer-to-peer radio network, without any use of predefined infrastructure. These nodes are generally mobile in nature, and to connect these nodes, the connectionless links are used. These nodes have the potential to self-organize, self-configure, and self-arrangement. Ad-hoc networks do not have fixed structure due to their dynamic nature. Ad-hoc networks are inherently prone to a number of security threats. Lack of fixed infrastructure, use of wireless link for communication, and mobility of nodes make Ad-hoc networks extremely receptive to hostile attacks, blackhole attack being one among them, which can be implemented effortlessly.

Energy Efficient Secured Ring Based Clustering Protocol for WSN

WSN is a gathering of small autonomous nodes that are used to function the Natural Phenomenon. The sensed events are transmitted to the base station for processing the system. Given the Resource Constrained Nature of WSN, Optimizing the energy during Routing process is a major concern. In this Paper, a Novel Ring Based Clustering Routing Protocol(RBCRP) is proposed, where it can provides the energy efficient clustering to sensor nodes. By doing so the sensor nodes it reduces number of retransmission of data items. Moreover, the proposed protocol provides efficient Routing, where it discovers the optimal path. The proposed protocol is implemented in NS3 simulator. The simulator results justifies that, proposed protocol improves Energy efficiency, Reduces delay and Increases packet delivery Ratio. Simulate Results faster viability of the proposed Scheme

Autonomous node in the short wave radio network

The paper covers questions related to the creation of the comprehensive device designed for long-term autonomous operations as part of the radio networks for various purposes in short-wave bands. Such radio networks are intended for remote monitoring and control over facilities at distances of hundreds and thousands of kilometres. The device and features of functioning of autonomous nodes in short-wave radio networks are based on daily and seasonal characteristics of distribution of radio waves, operation under conditions of self-provision with electricity and in areas of harsh climate, as well as on impossibility of their timely repair and maintenance. The authors have proposed solutions to the issue of a reliable communication channel using advanced low-energy types of angle modulation with low-value signal-to-noise ratios and the choice of the best frequency for a given time of the day for specific nodes. There is an overview of issues related to the choice of an antenna type for the autonomous radio network node, taking into account changes of working ranges. The issue of power supply to the radio network node is solved by applying the combination of a photovoltaic panel and wind generator working from a frost-resistant battery. Thermal modes for electronic equipment are provided through the use of a thermostatically controlled container. Authors have presented a possible architecture for the short-wave range radio network node. The study results include advice for developers of autonomous nodes of shortwave radio networks.

Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Network Life Enhancement in Wireless Sensor Networks

The wireless sensor network (WSN) is composed of autonomous nodes consist of sensors to collect the status of the surrounding environment. These nodes are equipped with limited batteries. One cannot recharge or replace the batteries of the nodes during the mission, as the applications of WSNs include in underwater, forest driven and mountain based. Thus available energy must be utilized effectively. Energy efficient routing is one of the primary sources of energy management. Cluster-based routing in WSN is a prevalent method to achieve network performance and energy efficiency. In literature, the number of cluster-based energy efficient routing protocols and their route selection metric is designed based on the residual status of node energy. However, this metric causes some of the intermediate nodes to drain energy instantly. In wireless networks this situation roots intermediate nodes to turn into a bottleneck node, and thereby performance degradation in terms of efficiency and packet delivery caused. Thus our paper aims to design a cluster based routing protocol to prevent the creation of intermediate bottleneck node. We introduce a novel routing metric called “ranking status” for the bottleneck problem. Performances results indicate that the proposed routing protocol prevents the creation of intermediate bottleneck node, and improve the network's performance.

An Efficient QOS Improvement Established on Unreasonable Investment, with a Half and Half Node Participation Clustering Approach in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is characterized as a self-arranging foundationless system utilized for correspondence by wireless connections with the help of nodes. A MANET is suggested as the wireless system with autonomous nodes moving naturally concerning each other. Because of the different free moves of nodes, a lot of packet misfortune happens in transmitting the packet from source to goal. The danger of lousy node conduct is extraordinarily high. The unsecured unplanned system condition is started because of the progressive idea of systems and node portability. Likewise, the assignment of central administration is more confused in an improvised order. Because of the concept of free moving attributes, MANET faces disgraceful node collaboration. In this proposed work manages node collaboration to security issues like Unreasonable Investment, with a Half and Half Node Participation based Clustering approach (UIH2NPC) in MANET. The node collaboration among the nodes in MANET is enhanced by estimating the weightage of helpfulness of every node in the system. The assessment of node collaboration weightage identifies the external nodes contribution in the order. Execution assessments are done.