Design of a mechanical pedal valve to improve the use of water in plumbing systems

The use of water is a very important economic and environmental factor in all industrial sectors since the improvement in its use offers an optimization of this resource. The waste of water usually causes damages firstly to the environment by the supply sources, then to the industries by its high demand and to the hydrosanitary sources that the houses have. The valves have some control that allows a more comfortable use of this resource in sinks that provides some savings. Currently, there are valves that usually replace the traditional ones due to their automatic and/or mechanical operation, which allows for innovation and savings of this resource. In this sense, this research is oriented to the design of a mechanical pedal valve that allows a more comfortable and controlled control, thus granting the operator control in an immediate way, without wasting the fluid in the middle of the washing and avoiding a manual contact that in a certain way dissipates the risk of contagion of diseases such as Covid-19 by direct manipulation. An analytical methodology supported by computer aided drafting programs such as Ansys Fluent and SolidWorks was used. Finally, it was determined that, for the dynamic and static studies, the designed valve complies with the Colombian technical standard and the static design factors.

Chemical, mineralogical, and physicochemical features of surface saline muds from Southwestern sub-basin of the East Vietnam Sea: Implication for new peloids

This study presents the chemical, mineralogical and physicochemical features of 8 saline mud samples from 8 gravity cores located in the southwestern sub-basin of the East Vietnam Sea. The grain-size analysis of mud samples reveals the amount of clay and silt particles in the ranges of 65.1-89.2% and 9.5-34.2%, respectively and a very low fraction of sand. The analytical results showed that mud samples have high contents of SiO2 (32.79-48.09%), Al2O3 (11.26-13.63%), CaO (3.10-13.93%), Fe2O3 (4.15-9.45%), and low contents of TiO2, MnO, MgO, Na2O, K2O and P2O5. The XRD analysis of mud samples indicated mineral compositions with major minerals of quartz, illite, calcite, chlorite, feldspar, kaolinite, and other minor minerals like halite, smectite, fluorapatite, pyroxene, amphibole. The organic and physicochemical parameters of mud samples were also measured. Potentially toxic elements in mud samples were determined and compared with reference values and the technical standard. This study proposes that saline mud samples from the studied area are potential peloids.

The Off-Line Simulation on Measuring through Software PC-DMIS CAD++ V4.3

The article analyses and evaluates the ever-important topic of assessing geometric deviation of tolerated formations related to bases with the usage of coordinate measuring machines. The basic system for off-line simulation consists of the coordinate planes of a component’s coordinate system. At the beginning of the measurement, the coordinate system is created by the “3–2–1“alignment. Due to production deviations in real surfaces of the component, each measurement generates mutually different coordinate systems, which is well proven by the experiment on measuring with a coordinate measuring machine DEA Global Performance 12.22.10. An integral part of the article is also the quantification of geometric deviations of ideal tolerated formations related to bases, the estimate of the uncertainty of measurement arising from the placement of points in defining the base system, and the effect of such uncertainty upon the interval of satisfactory values in conformity with the STN EN ISO 14253-1 technical standard. The article also includes a proposal measure in order to ensure the reproducibility of defining the mutual position of coordinate systems.

Impacts caused by swine manure application and proper management proposition in a swine finishing farm

Due to the increase in the PWW production level by the high concentration of animals per area, the intensification and concentration of pig farming in certain regions has resulted in the intensive application of swine manure (PWW) in the same terrain, which may provide the soil accumulation and the transference of elements may compromise the productive capacity of the territorial space of that region. In this sense, this work aimed to evaluate the elements concentration present in the soil and in swine waste, in relation to the values stipulated by CONAMA Resolution n. 420 (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente [CONAMA], 2009) and also by CETESB n. 195/2005 (Companhia de Tecnologia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo [CETESB], 2005), which provides for criteria and values guiding soil quality and groundwater for chemicals presence, and, based on the reference element, adapt to the technical standard P 4,231/2015 (Companhia de Tecnologia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo [CETESB], 2015) proposed by CETESB for the dose calculation of vinasse application, in PWW application in pasture cultivation. The work accomplished at Fazenda Talhado Cinco de Março rural area - Rio Verde Municipality – Goiás state. Samples were performed to determine the soil physicochemical attributes and PWW chemical analysis of the soil, submitted to statistical analysis of Analysis of Variance and Tukey’s Test 5%. The results made it possible to verify that the used management is not the most appropriate, and it is necessary to review the procedures currently adopted, such as performing more constant soil and PWW analyzes, to avoid that their continual application in a disorderly manner and with possible negative impacts on the environment.