scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions during the Composting and Vermicomposting of Sewage Sludge under the Effect of Different Proportions of Straw Pellets

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Bayu Dume ◽  
Ales Hanc ◽  
Pavel Svehla ◽  
Pavel Míchal ◽  
Abraham Demelash Chane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Methane Release ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Co2 Release

Owing to rapid population growth, sewage sludge poses a serious environmental threat across the world. Composting and vermicomposting are biological technologies commonly used to stabilize sewage sludge. The objective of this study was to assess the carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions from sewage sludge composting and vermicomposting under the influence of different proportions of straw pellets. Four treatments were designed, by mixing the initial sewage sludge with varying ratio of pelletized wheat straw (0, 25%, 50%, and 75% (w/w)). The experiment was conducted for 60 days, and Eisenia andrei was used for vermicomposting. The results revealed that the mixing ratio influenced CO2 (F = 36.1, p = 0.000) and CH4 (F= 73.9, p = 0.000) emissions during composting and CO2 (F= 13.8, p = 0.000) and CH4 (F= 4.5, p= 0.004) vermicomposting. Vermicomposting significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 18–38%, while increasing CO2 emissions by 64–89%. The mixing agent (pelletized wheat straw) decreased CO2 emission by 60–70% and CH4 emission by 30–80% compared to control (0%). The mass balance indicated that 5.5–10.4% of carbon was loss during composting, while methane release accounted for 0.34–1.69%, and CO2 release accounted for 2.3–8.65%. However, vermicomposting lost 8.98–13.7% of its carbon, with a methane release of 0.1–0.6% and CO2 release of 5.0–11.6% of carbon. The carbon loss was 3.3–3.5% more under vermicomposting than composting. This study demonstrated that depending on the target gas to be reduced, composting and vermicomposting, as well as a mixing agent (pelletized wheat straw), could be an option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (i.e. CH4, CO2).

scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions during the Composting and Vermicomposting of Sewage Sludge under the Effect of Different Proportions of Straw Pellets

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Bayu Dume ◽  
Aleš Hanč ◽  
Pavel Švehla ◽  
Abraham Chane ◽  
Abebe Nigussie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Eisenia Andrei ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The aim of this study was to evaluate the carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions during the composting and vermicomposting of sewage sludge under the effect of different proportions of straw pellets. Four treatments, including a control with three replicates, were designed to mix the initial sewage sludge with varying rates of pelletized wheat straw (0, 25%, 50%, and 75% (w/w)). Over a 60-day period, vermicomposting with Eisenia andrei treatments and composting were carried out. The results indicated that both composting and vermicomposting produce a significant (p < 0.001) amount of CO2 and CH4 emissions from all treatments. Vermicomposting significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 18%, 34%, and 38% and increased CO2 emissions by 75%, 64%, and 89% for the treatments containing 25%, 50%, and 75% straw pellets, respectively, compared to composting. However, CO2 emissions decreased and CH4 emissions increased during composting compared to vermicomposting. As a result of this finding, both composting and vermicomposting processes are recommended as an additive of pelletized wheat straw, depending on the target gas to be reduced.

scholarly journals Carbon Costs of Indonesian Forested Land Conversion to Oil Palm Plantations

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Walyoto
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Carbon Costs ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Co2 Release

This article analyzes the loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) released in the forest conversion to oil palm plantations. This research data gathered from the relevant secondary data and relate published reports. This research finds that a loss of release of carbon dioxide (CO2) per hectare of US $ 9,800 with a carbon price of USD2 of US $ 14,000 carbon price of USD3 and US $ 19,600 in carbon price of USD4. In addition, this conversion also has a significant impact on global warming (GWP) and global climate change. Keywords: oil palm plantation, CO2 release, GWP, climate change. 

Correlations of methane and carbon dioxide concentrations from feedlot cattle as a predictor of methane emissions

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Bai ◽  
David W. T. Griffith ◽  
Frances A. Phillips ◽  
Travis Naylor ◽  
Stephanie K. Muir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Animal Diet

Accurate measurements of methane (CH4) emissions from feedlot cattle are required for verifying greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and mitigation strategies. We investigate a new method for estimating CH4 emissions by examining the correlation between CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations from two beef cattle feedlots in Australia representing southern temperate and northern subtropical locations. Concentrations of CH4 and CO2 were measured at the two feedlots during summer and winter, using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. There was a strong correlation for the concentrations above background of CH4 and CO2 with concentration ratios of 0.008 to 0.044 ppm/ppm (R2 >0.90). The CH4/CO2 concentration ratio varied with animal diet and ambient temperature. The CH4/CO2 concentration ratio provides an alternative method to estimate CH4 emissions from feedlots when combined with CO2 production derived from metabolisable energy or heat production.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide and methane exchange of a patterned subarctic fen during two contrasting growing seasons

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-896
Author(s):  
Lauri Heiskanen ◽  
Juha-Pekka Tuovinen ◽  
Aleksi Räsänen ◽  
Tarmo Virtanen ◽  
Sari Juutinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Community Types ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. The patterned microtopography of subarctic mires generates a variety of environmental conditions, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) dynamics vary spatially among different plant community types (PCTs). We studied the CO2 and CH4 exchange between a subarctic fen and the atmosphere at Kaamanen in northern Finland based on flux chamber and eddy covariance measurements in 2017–2018. We observed strong spatial variation in carbon dynamics between the four main PCTs studied, which were largely controlled by water table level and differences in vegetation composition. The ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross primary productivity (GPP) increased gradually from the wettest PCT to the drier ones, and both ER and GPP were larger for all PCTs during the warmer and drier growing season 2018. We estimated that in 2017 the growing season CO2 balances of the PCTs ranged from −20 g C m−2 (Trichophorum tussock PCT) to 64 g C m−2 (string margin PCT), while in 2018 all PCTs were small CO2 sources (10–22 g C m−2). We observed small growing season CH4 emissions (< 1 g C m−2) from the driest PCT, while the other three PCTs had significantly larger emissions (mean 7.9, range 5.6–10.1 g C m−2) during the two growing seasons. Compared to the annual CO2 balance (−8.5 ± 4.0 g C m−2) of the fen in 2017, in 2018 the annual balance (−5.6 ± 3.7 g C m−2) was affected by an earlier onset of photosynthesis in spring, which increased the CO2 sink, and a drought event during summer, which decreased the sink. The CH4 emissions were also affected by the drought. The annual CH4 balance of the fen was 7.3 ± 0.2 g C m−2 in 2017 and 6.2 ± 0.1 g C m−2 in 2018. Thus, the carbon balance of the fen was close to zero in both years. The PCTs that were adapted to drier conditions provided ecosystem-level resilience to carbon loss due to water level drawdown.

Relief and edaphoclimatic conditions as influencing agents of CO2 release in Alagoas Caatinga, Brazil

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Élida Monique da Costa Santos ◽  
Kallianna Dantas Araujo ◽  
Mayara Andrade Souza ◽  
Danúbia Lins Gomes ◽  
Elba dos Santos Lira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Co2 Release

The release of carbon dioxide (CO2) occurs through soil respiration. However, release of CO2 from soil to the atmosphere is subject to interference from agents such as relief, edaphic and climatic conditions. Thus, this research aimed to quantify edaphic respiration related to edaphoclimatic factors in a toposequence area in Caatinga of Delmiro Gouveia, Alagoas, Brazil. The research was conducted from February 2013 to June 2014, with bimonthly collections during day and night. The soil CO2 losses, temperature measurements, soil water content and rainfall were quantified. We verified that, independent of the evaluated points, CO2 release was higher at night. Half-slope and shoulder were the areas with the highest emissions. Additionally, the CO2 emissions presented annual variation, increasing with the availability of soil water and showing peaks of release in the rainy season. Soil and air temperature had no direct influence on soil CO2 release; however, the highest CO2 emissions occurred when temperatures were moderate and stable. Therefore, the conservation of this unique Brazilian biome is necessary because the impacts of its disturbance can increase the level of CO2 released from the soil, increasing the amount of CO2in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Summer fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide from a pond and floating mat in a continental Canadian peatland

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Burger ◽  
S. Berger ◽  
I. Spangenberg ◽  
C. Blodau
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Bubble Frequency ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Floating Mat

Abstract. Ponds smaller than 10000 m2 likely account for about one third of the global lake perimeter. The release of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from these ponds is often high and significant on the landscape scale. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a temperate peatland in southern Ontario, Canada, in summer 2014 along a transect from the open water of a small pond (847 m2) towards the surrounding floating mat (5993 m2) and in a peatland reference area. We used a high-frequency closed chamber technique and distinguished between diffusive and ebullitive CH4 fluxes. CH4 fluxes and CH4 bubble frequency increased from a median of 0.14 (0.00 to 0.43) mmol m−2 h−1 and 4 events m−2 h−1 on the open water to a median of 0.80 (0.20 to 14.97) mmol m−2 h−1 and 168 events m−2 h−1 on the floating mat. The mat was a summer hot spot of CH4 emissions. Fluxes were one order of magnitude higher than at an adjacent peatland site. During daytime the pond was a net source of CO2 equivalents to the atmosphere amounting to 0.13 (−0.02 to 1.06) g CO2 equivalents m−2 h−1, whereas the adjacent peatland site acted as a sink of −0.78 (−1.54 to 0.29) g CO2 equivalents m−2 h−1. The photosynthetic CO2 uptake on the floating mat did not counterbalance the high CH4 emissions, which turned the floating mat into a strong net source of 0.21 (−0.11 to 2.12) g CO2 equivalents m−2h−1. This study highlights the large small-scale variability of CH4 fluxes and CH4 bubble frequency at the peatland-pond interface and the importance of the often large ecotone areas surrounding small ponds as a source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Tillage and irrigation system effects on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions in a maize monoculture under Mediterranean conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 104488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Franco-Luesma ◽  
José Cavero ◽  
Daniel Plaza-Bonilla ◽  
Carlos Cantero-Martínez ◽  
José Luis Arrúe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Mediterranean Conditions

scholarly journals Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from 40 lakes along a north–south latitudinal transect in Alaska

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 13251-13307 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sepulveda-Jauregui ◽  
K. M. Walter Anthony ◽  
K. Martinez-Cruz ◽  
S. Greene ◽  
F. Thalasso
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Secchi Depth ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Permafrost Soil ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Latitudinal Transect ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Uncertainties in the magnitude and seasonality of various gas emission modes, particularly among different lake types, limit our ability to estimate methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from northern lakes. Here we assessed the relationship between CH4 and CO2 emission modes in 40 lakes along a latitudinal transect in Alaska to physicochemical limnology and geographic characteristics, including permafrost soil type surrounding lakes. Emission modes included Direct Ebullition, Diffusion, Storage flux, and a newly identified Ice-Bubble Storage (IBS) flux. We found that all lakes were net sources of atmospheric CH4 and CO2, but the climate warming impact of lake CH4 emissions was two times higher than that of CO2. Ebullition and Diffusion were the dominant modes of CH4 and CO2 emissions respectively. IBS, ~ 10% of total annual CH4 emissions, is the release to the atmosphere of seasonally ice-trapped bubbles when lake ice confining bubbles begins to melt in spring. IBS, which has not been explicitly accounted for in regional studies, increased the estimate of springtime emissions from our study lakes by 320%. Geographically, CH4 emissions from stratified, dystrophic interior Alaska thermokarst (thaw) lakes formed in icy, organic-rich yedoma permafrost soils were 6-fold higher than from non-yedoma lakes throughout the rest of Alaska. Total CH4 emission was correlated with concentrations of phosphate and total nitrogen in lake water, Secchi depth and lake area, with yedoma lakes having higher nutrient concentrations, shallower Secchi depth, and smaller lake areas. Our findings suggest that permafrost type plays important roles in determining CH4 emissions from lakes by both supplying organic matter to methanogenesis directly from thawing permafrost and by enhancing nutrient availability to primary production, which can also fuel decomposition and methanogenesis.

scholarly journals Summer fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide from a pond and floating mat in a continental Canadian peatland

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3777-3791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Burger ◽  
Sina Berger ◽  
Ines Spangenberg ◽  
Christian Blodau
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Bubble Frequency ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Floating Mat

Abstract. Ponds smaller than 10 000 m2 likely account for about one-third of the global lake perimeter. The release of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from these ponds is often high and significant on the landscape scale. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a temperate peatland in southern Ontario, Canada, in summer 2014 along a transect from the open water of a small pond (847 m2) towards the surrounding floating mat (5993 m2) and in a peatland reference area. We used a high-frequency closed chamber technique and distinguished between diffusive and ebullitive CH4 fluxes. CH4 fluxes and CH4 bubble frequency increased from a median of 0.14 (0.00 to 0.43) mmol m−2 h−1 and 4 events m−2 h−1 on the open water to a median of 0.80 (0.20 to 14.97) mmol m−2 h−1 and 168 events m−2 h−1 on the floating mat. The mat was a summer hot spot of CH4 emissions. Fluxes were 1 order of magnitude higher than at an adjacent peatland site. During daytime the pond was a net source of CO2 equivalents to the atmosphere amounting to 0.13 (−0.02 to 1.06) g CO2 equivalents m−2 h−1, whereas the adjacent peatland site acted as a sink of −0.78 (−1.54 to 0.29) g CO2 equivalents m−2 h−1. The photosynthetic CO2 uptake on the floating mat did not counterbalance the high CH4 emissions, which turned the floating mat into a strong net source of 0.21 (−0.11 to 2.12) g CO2 equivalents m−2 h−1. This study highlights the large small-scale variability of CH4 fluxes and CH4 bubble frequency at the peatland–pond interface and the importance of the often large ecotone areas surrounding small ponds as a source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

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