Een kleine taalgemeenschap – een groot onderzoeksveld

There is a growing trend in the scientific world to publish papers in English. Describing research in the field of technology or medicine in English is justified, because it allows for faster verification of results and their application by scientists in any part of the world, and thus their faster use by ordinary people. It is questionable, however, whether it makes sense to write about a language – especially one as small as Dutch – in the language of Shakespeare. Dutch still lends itself very well to scientific argument, as the publications in this volume prove.

Enhancing scientific argumentation skill through partnership comprehensive literacy

This study focuses on the use of Partnership Comprehensive Literacy (PCL) as a reading strategy to support reading in science and to explore the level of students’ Scientific argument. Partnership Comprehensive Literacy consist of 4 components that address the topic of the reading activity: the statements of the content, what I think, what the texts say, and evidence of the text. This study uses a mix method to identify and improve students’ scientific argumentation skills. The instrument used is a set of questions about electricity and magnetism. In addition, the argument level rubric instrument that contains argument components is used to analyse the level of students’ scientific arguments. The participants of this study were 40 college students consisting of 25 females and 15 males in the department of physics education taking a course in the fundamental of physics. The findings revealed that the students’ level argument was dominated by the use of Claim-Reasoning-Evidence (CRE). In addition, students evaluated that the use of PCL in reading activity as being challenging but an interesting process because they have to find the evidence in the texts to support their statements of what I think.

KRITIK ATAS KRITIK MATAN JONATHAN A.C. BROWN

This paper examines the thesis of Jonathan A.C. Brown in his article, entitled The Rules of Matn Criticism: There Are No Rules. One of the critical issues highlighted by Jonathan A.C. Brown in this paper that deserves to be investigated is the potential for subjectivity in the practice of matn criticism. The matn criticism referred to here is more directed to the criticism of the substance of matn; that the content of a hadith must be in line with or not contradict several arguments (dalil) such as verses of the Koran, more authentic hadiths, historical facts, reason and senses or science. Up to now, scholars have not agreed on what can be used as indicators of matn criticism. The potential for subjectivity can also occur in determining the coherence of the content of a hadith with the arguments mentioned earlier (dalil). Using an analytical approach and the perspective of hadith sciences as an analytical tool, the author assesses what Jonathan A.C. Brown has discussed in his article as a scientific finding that deserves to be examined in depth. In addition, this paper provides a scientific argument as to why scholars place more emphasis on sanad criticism as the initial and primary step in the hadith validation process rather than matn criticism. The author also finds that the authoritative subjective theory proposed by Jonathan A.C. Brown to tackle the element of subjectivity is an idea that scientifically deserves to be used as a standard of reference and further discussion. Tulisan ini menelaah ulang pemikiran Jonathan A.C. Brown dalam karyanya The Rules Matn Criticism: There Are No Rules. Salah satu problem penting yang diangkat oleh Jonathan Brown dalam tulisan ini yang layak untuk dikaji adalah adanya potensi subjektifitas dalam praktek kerja kritik matan. Kritik matan yang dimaksud di sini lebih mengarah kepada kritik substansi matan bahwa kandungan sebuah hadis haruslah sejalan atau tidak bertentangan dengan sejumlah dalil seperti ayat al-Quran, hadis yang lebih sahih, fakta sejarah, akal dan indera atau ilmu pengetahuan. Para ulama hingga kini belum bersepakat atas apa saja yang dapat dijadikan indikator yang harus koheren, potensi subjektifitas tersebut juga dapat terjadi pada praktek menentukan koherensi kandungan sebuah hadis dengan dalil yang telah disebutkan tadi. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan analitis dan cara pandang ilmu hadis sebagai payung besar, penulis menilai apa yang diangkat oleh Jonathan A.C. Brown merupakan temuan ilmiah yang layak untuk dikaji secara mendalam. Selain itu pula, tulisan ini memberikan argumentasi ilmiah kenapa para ulama lebih menitik beratkan kritik sanad sebagai langkah awal dan pokok dalam proses validasi hadis dibanding kritik matan. Penulis juga menemukan teori subjektif otoritatif yang diajukan oleh Jonathan Brown untuk menanggulangi unsur subjektifitas merupakan sebuah gagasan yang secara ilmiah layak untuk dijadikan bahan acuan dan penelitian lebih lanjut.

Eco Pesantren development: Challenges and opportunities to conservation development

Developing to friendly, greenery, and sustain in the modern era is not easy to implement, because of development is more depends on economic profit, which has exploited massively and destructively to welfare or wellbeing achieved. Those phenomena are part of one symptom to environmental or land degradation occurrence accumulatively, so indirectly or directly it caused of interest conflict in competing to natural resources that diminished. Hence, it needed an alternative solution, which one is conservation acted in land restoring kindly and effectively and of course based on religions (Islamic) approach. Exploring and understanding verses (The Holy Qur’an) related to land management to conservation, which is a method that used in collecting data and it's used to analysis, alongside observation and in-depth individual interview is also to strengthen a scientific argument based on field data result. The result of this research revealed that the boarding school of Al-Zaytun is one of all examples of success in land and water management to conservation and it’s able to food, water, and energy security development kindly and sustains. Empirically that Pesantren Al-Zaytun is able to both manage and utilize waste (water) kindly and ecologically, which is reuse, reduce, and recycle development paradigm, so it has become of example to development in the modern era, alongside its ability to representative developed in utilizing to natural resources management for development ecologically.

Presenting the Evidence

The next month is a busy time for Evans and Prestwich, who are now back in London, as they fit writing their papers into a hectic business schedule. The importance of two learned societies—the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries—is explained, as is the craft of putting together a scientific argument. Prestwich’s original manuscript and the referees’ reports are used to show the process. Evans’s chance discovery of comparable implements to those they had found at St Acheul proves a game changer. They came from Hoxne in Suffolk and had been found, but forgotten, sixty years before. Revolutions rely on chance. Attention is paid to the case they made that stone tools were human rather than natural. Did Evans fall back on his knowledge of numismatics and his recent struggles with a patent law case to convince sceptics that the tools from the Somme were indeed evidence of ancient humans? The language of the flints is all important. As they prepare and present their evidence, the chapter picks up the story of Falconer and his niece, Grace McCall, who were introduced in Abbeville in Chapter 2. They are now in Italy, caught up in the latest phase of the Risorgimento war.

“No” to placebo-controlled trials of Covid-19 vaccines

Recently the WHO Ad Hoc Expert Group proposed that it is ethical to continue placebo-controlled Covid-19 vaccine trials in countries where vaccines are not available even if this vaccine is marketed and being used elsewhere. The reason for this proposal is the usual scientific argument claiming that these trials are the most efficient method to obtain reliable results, and individuals in these countries will continue to get the local standard of care, meaning no vaccination, and thus participants are not being left worse off. We refute this argument on two counts. First the global equity and justice issue, that the scarcity of vaccines in most countries is created by the rich nations that have hoarded vaccines. Second, the science versus research ethics issue, that there are valid scientific methods like non-inferiority trials which can give reliable results, and that applying a standard of care imposed by rich nations is both unethical and possibly exploitative. Thus, we feel that the WHO Ad Hoc Expert Group is wrong in proposing to continue placebo-controlled Covid-19 vaccine trials.