Introduction to The Origin of Electromagnetic Mass (Electromagnetic Inertia)

Newton described in his second law of motion the classical definition of mass (inertia). However, it is impossible to calculate with Newton’s second law of motion the (electromagnetic) mass of a beam of light (Ref. [1], [2],[3]). Because the speed of light is a universal constant which follows from Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity, it is impossible to accelerate or to slow down a beam of light and for that reason it is impossible to determine the electromagnetic mass of a beam of light (free electromagnetic radiation) by Newton’s second law. To calculate the electromagnetic mass of free or confined electromagnetic radiation, the fundamental concept of the New Theory has been used that the Universe is in a perfect Equilibrium and that any electromagnetic field configuration is in a perfect equilibrium with itself and its surrounding. From this fundamental concept follows a different definition of (confined) electromagnetic mass. Electromagnetic mass (or inertia) has been determined by the relativistic Lorentz transformation of the radiation pressures in all different directions and the disturbance of a uniform motion (or position at rest) of confined electromagnetic radiation results in a relativistic effect which we measure (experience) as electromagnetic mass (inertia). The mass in [kg] of an object will be generally measured by acceleration (or deceleration) of the object according Newton’s second law of motion. In the theory of special relativity, the speed of light is a fundamental constant and the intensity of the light is not a universal constant. The calculate the relativistic mass of Confined Electromagnetic Radiation, we start with a thought experiment in which a beam of light is propagating between two 100 % reflecting mirrors, indicated as Mirror A and Mirror B. Both mirrors are part of a rigid construction and the relative velocity between both mirrors always equals zero. The results of this calculation will be generalized for any kind of electromagnetic radiation which has been confined by its own electromagnetic and gravitational field. When the speed of the observer has the same speed as the speed of the light source, then the observer and the light source are relative at rest. And the same light intensity will be measured at the location of the emitter and at the location of the observer.

The Origin of Electromagnetic Mass (Electromagnetic Inertia)

Newton described in his second law of motion the classical definition of mass (inertia). However, it is impossible to calculate with Newton’s second law of motion the (electromagnetic) mass of a beam of light. Because the speed of light is a universal constant which follows from Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity, it is impossible to accelerate or to slow down a beam of light and for that reason it is impossible to determine the electromagnetic mass of a beam of light (free electromagnetic radiation) by Newton’s second law. To calculate the electromagnetic mass of free or confined electromagnetic radiation, the fundamental concept of the New Theory has been used that the Universe is in a perfect Equilibrium and that any electromagnetic field configuration is in a perfect equilibrium with itself and its surrounding. From this fundamental concept follows a different definition of (confined) electromagnetic mass. Electromagnetic mass (or inertia) has been determined by the relativistic Lorentz transformation of the radiation pressures in all different directions and the disturbance of a uniform motion (or position at rest) of confined electromagnetic radiation results in a relativistic effect which we measure (experience) as electromagnetic mass (inertia). The mass in [kg] of an object will be generally measured by acceleration (or deceleration) of the object according Newton’s second law of motion. In the theory of special relativity, the speed of light is a fundamental constant and the intensity of the light is not a universal constant. The calculate the relativistic mass of Confined Electromagnetic Radiation, we start with a thought experiment in which a beam of light is propagating between two 100 % reflecting mirrors, indicated as Mirror A and Mirror B. Both mirrors are part of a rigid construction and the relative velocity between both mirrors always equals zero. The results of this calculation will be be generalized for any kind of electromagnetic radiation which has been confined by its own electromagnetic and gravitational field. When the speed of the observer has the same speed as the speed of the light source, then the observer and the light source are relative at rest. And the same light intensity will be measured at the location of the emitter and at the location of the observer.

Scientific search under the pressure of high responsibility: development of the technology of electromagnetic isotope separation in the framework of the USSR Atomic project

One of the ways to obtain nuclear explosives for the manufacture of the first atomic bombs was the separation of uranium isotopes by electromagnetic (mass spectrographic) method. The theoretical justification and experimental separation of uranium isotopes by this method was carried out by L. A. Artsimovich in the Laboratory No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences. By the middle of 1945, L. A. Artsimovich had obtained results at the experimental facility indicating the possibility of stable enrichment of uranium with the U-235 isotope using this method. Having the results of the experiments, the Design Bureau at the “Electrosila” plant (D. V. Efremov), with the participation of the Research Vacuum Institute (S. A. Vekshinsky) and the “A” Institute (M. Ardenne), developed a project of an industrial multi-chamber installation for electromagnetic separation of uranium isotopes SU-20. Such an installation was manufactured and put into operation at the newly created plant in the Urals, which allowed in 1951 to obtain the necessary amount of uranium-235 for the RDS-3 atomic bomb. After 1952, the technology of electromagnetic separation was no more used for the separation of uranium isotopes due to the improvement of more productive equipment for gas-diffusion separation of isotopes. The equipment of the electromagnetic isotope separation plant built in the Urals was used to produce lithium-6, needed to equip the first thermonuclear charge, which was successfully tested in 1953. In the next years, the electromagnetic isotope separation plant was involved in the manufacture of isotope products for scientific, technical and medical applications at wide range of utilization in Russia and abroad.

Vibration suppression of wind turbine nacelle with active electromagnetic mass damper systems using adaptive backstepping control

Many structural systems, such as wind turbines, are exposed to high levels of stress during operation. This is mainly because of the flow-induced vibrations caused by the wind load encountered in every tall structure. Preventing the flow-induced vibration has been an important research area. In this study, an active electromagnetic mass damper system was used to eliminate the vibrations. The position of the stabilizer mass in the active electromagnetic mass damper system was determined according to the displacement information read on the system without using any spring element, unlike any conventional system. The proposed system in this study has a structure that can be implemented as a vibration suppressor in many intelligent structural systems. Two opposing electromagnets were used to determine the instant displacement of the stabilizer mass. The control currents to be given to these electromagnets are determined by using an adaptive backstepping control design. The adaptive controller algorithm can predict the wind load used in the controller design without prior knowledge of the actual wind load. It was observed that the designed active electromagnetic mass damper structure is successful in suppressing system vibrations. As a result, the proposed active electromagnetic mass damper system has been shown to be suitable for structural systems in flow-induced vibration damping.

ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE PROBLEM “4/3”

It is shown that the problem "4/3" or the problem of electromagnetic mass has a strict solution only if the fields are instantaneous. This result is valid in both the classical and relativistic variants. The hypothesis of the existence of a physical ether is introduced, which allows us to explain the constancy of the speed of light in inertial reference systems and features of instantaneous action at a distance.

Electromagnetic mass as a superposition of Planck masses

At the Planck scale, the electromagnetic mass is composed by infinite negative Planck masses.

Single Harmonic Black Holes

In this New Theory a “Single Harmonic Black Hole” (SHBH) has been considered to be the Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinement of a Single Harmonic Electromagnetic Field Configuration in which a perfect equilibrium exists between the outward directed electromagnetic radiation pressure and the inward directed Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction force densities. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article “Single Harmonic Black Hole” (SHBH) is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined Single Harmonic Electromagnetic Energy. The inner structure of a “SHBH” has been based on a 3-dimensional isotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic field configuration. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic fields (wave packages) demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass, spin and electric charge is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass, spin and electric charge can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about “Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction” has been developed. The “New Theory” has been based on the fundamental principle of “Perfect Equilibrium within the Universe” which has already been expressed by Newton’s three equations published in 1687 in “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Newton’s Equations in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell Equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

The Transformation of LIGHT into MATTER

Within the scope of this article, LIGHT has been considered as any arbitrary Electromagnetic Radiation within a very wide frequency range, because during the transformation from Visible Light into the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement, the frequency changes in a very wide range. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article MATTER is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined (Electromagnetic) energy. The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

The Transformation of LIGHT into MATTER

Within the scope of this article, LIGHT has been considered as any arbitrary Electromagnetic Radiation within a very wide frequency range, because during the transformation from Visible Light into the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement, the frequency changes in a very wide range. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article MATTER is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined (Electromagnetic) energy. The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.