Morphology and isozyme variation among madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) accessions from southeastern part of Central Java, Indonesia

Restykania, Suratman, Pitoyo A, Suranto. 2019. Morphology and isozyme variation among madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) accessions from southeastern part of Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3024-3032. The genetic diversity among madeira vine accessions from southeastern part of Central Java has not been investigated in detail. Information on genetic diversity and relationship among accessions of this plant will provide important input into determining resourceful management strategies and guiding the improvement of plants through plant breeding programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate variation of morphology and isozyme among madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) accessions from southeastern part of Central Java. A total of 13 madeira vine accessions were used for morphological observations and isozyme analysis. Morphological diversity was characterized based on measurements and observations of vegetative structures such as stems, leaves, and aerial tubers. Identification of biochemical markers was done using peroxidase and esterase isozyme systems. A relationship dendrogram among accessions was constructed based on the genetic similarity matrix by applying a cluster analysis. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative morphological characters revealed that the majority of the tested traits showed variation, indicating that there was variability among the tested madeira vine accessions. Polymorphism was observed using isozyme of peroxidase (i.e. two banding patterns) and esterase (i.e. five banding patterns). Based on the dendrogram at a level of 63 % similarity, it showed distinct separation of 13 madeira vine accessions into two major clusters. Cluster I consisted of nine accessions and the closest relationship was shown between KLT 3 and KLT 1 accessions that had 94 % of similarity coefficient. The remaining four accessions were clustered separately as Cluster II with similarity coefficient of 73 %. Therefore, genetic characterization based on morphological and isozyme markers obtained in this study is valuable to understand genetic variability and relationship among madeira vine accessions in southeastern part of Central Java.

Morphological characteristics and isozyme banding patterns of Cucurbita moschata at different altitudes

Hidayati NR, Suranto, Sajidan. 2018. Morphological characteristics and isozyme banding patterns of Cucurbita moschata at different altitudes. Biodiversitas 19: 1683-1689. Aims of this research were to investigate the morphological character and isozyme banding patterns of Cucurbita moschata plants grown at three different altitudes. Samples in this study consisted of leaf, stem, and flowers. The morphological characters were conducted by direct observation in the field and analyzed descriptively as well as statically by one way ANOVA. The isozyme bands appearance of esterase and peroxidase of leaf samples were conducted using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Qualitative approach was used to analyze the presence and the absence of isozyme bands, while Retardation factor (Rf) was used to analyze quantitatively. The results showed that most plants grown at middle altitude (351-750 m asl.) were well-developed in terms of length of leaves, stems and flowers. Accordingly, the isozyme banding pattern of peroxidase was also found varied in plants grown at middle altitudes from which the presence of very unique bands was detected. Conversely, the band detected in plants grown at the lower and the highest altitudes was similar in term of band's number but it was different in the quality of the bands. Meanwhile, esterase isozyme banding pattern of plants grown at the lower and higher altitude had more bands than the middle altitude. Based on this result it is obvious that the isozyme data could be used to support in understanding the diversity morphological characters of plants grown in three different altitudes. This early result suggests that altitudes as a crucial factor in contributing the expression of isozyme appearance, which is useful for further pumpkin characterizations.

Morphological characteristics and isozyme banding patterns of Cucurbita moschata at different altitudes

Hidayati NR, Suranto, Sajidan. 2018. Morphological characteristics and isozyme banding patterns of Cucurbita moschata at different altitudes. Biodiversitas 19: 1683-1689. Aims of this research were to investigate the morphological character and isozyme banding patterns of Cucurbita moschata plants grown at three different altitudes. Samples in this study consisted of leaf, stem, and flowers. The morphological characters were conducted by direct observation in the field and analyzed descriptively as well as statically by one way ANOVA. The isozyme bands appearance of esterase and peroxidase of leaf samples were conducted using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Qualitative approach was used to analyze the presence and the absence of isozyme bands, while Retardation factor (Rf) was used to analyze quantitatively. The results showed that most plants grown at middle altitude (351-750 m asl.) were well-developed in terms of length of leaves, stems and flowers. Accordingly, the isozyme banding pattern of peroxidase was also found varied in plants grown at middle altitudes from which the presence of very unique bands was detected. Conversely, the band detected in plants grown at the lower and the highest altitudes was similar in term of band's number but it was different in the quality of the bands. Meanwhile, esterase isozyme banding pattern of plants grown at the lower and higher altitude had more bands than the middle altitude. Based on this result it is obvious that the isozyme data could be used to support in understanding the diversity morphological characters of plants grown in three different altitudes. This early result suggests that altitudes as a crucial factor in contributing the expression of isozyme appearance, which is useful for further pumpkin characterizations.

Morphological, anatomical and isozyme variability among taro (Colocasia esculenta) accessions from southeastern part of Central Java, Indonesia

Pitoyo A, Prameta AA, Marsusi, Suratman, Suranto. 2018. Morphological, anatomical and isozyme variability among taro (Colocasia esculenta) accessions from southeastern part of Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1811-1819. The objective of this study was to evaluate morphological, anatomical and isozyme variability among taro accessions from southeastern part of Central Java (Indonesia). A total of 20 taro accessions were collected from a wide range of sites during field surveys. Morphological characters measurements were taken on vegetative structures such as roots, stems, leaves, and corms. Anatomical characters were observed from both paradermal and transverse sections of leaf. Identification of biochemical markers was done by using peroxidase and esterase isozyme system. A UPGMA dendrogram among accessions was constructed based on the genetic similarity matrix by applying a cluster analysis using a computer programme, NTSYS Version 2.00. The analysis of variance for morphological and anatomical characters revealed that there was significant difference for majority of the tested traits indicating that there was a variability among the taro accessions. Polymorphism was observed using isozymes of esterase (12 banding pattern) and peroxidase (8 banding pattern). Based on the dendrogram at a level of 62 % similarity, taro accessions were segregated into two major clusters. In Cluster I, the closest relationship was shown between SKH and SKA accessions that had 96 % coefficient of similarity. The ten accessions from Klaten, Sragen, and Karanganyar were then clustered separately as Cluster II with coefficient of similarity 73.52 %.

Effect of Seed Priming on Biochemical Changes in Fresh and Aged Seeds of Cucumber

The present investigation was conducted at the laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, and Bangalore, India during March 2014 to September 2014. The objective of the study was to identify effect of seed priming on biochemical changes in cucumber seeds. This study showed that the enhancement in seed viability and vigor in primed seeds was due to low membrane injury coupled with high enzyme activities (dehydrogenase and amylase). The priming with KH2PO4 and K2HPO4 reduced the electrical conductivity (EC) significantly in seed. With seed priming with KH2PO4 10-3M there was 44 and 45% lower EC values compared to unprimed. This priming with KH2PO4 10-3M and K2HPO410-3M reduced seed leachate values indicating priming initiates the process of repair by stabilizing membrane integrity. priming significantly increased dehydrogenase enzyme in low vigor seeds was noticed. These changes are to the tune of 16 and 21 per cent due to priming with K2HPO410-3M and KH2PO410-3M, respectively in cucumber. Similarly, higher amylase activity was noticed upon priming in low vigor seeds These are to the extent of 2.1, 1.94 folds higher due to priming with K2HPO410-3M and KH2PO410-3M, respectively, in cucumber and 1.4 & 1.4 folds higher due to priming with K2HPO410-3M .Alteration in protein profiles in low vigor seeds compared to high vigor seeds was noticed in the crops. The disappearance of some low molecular weight proteins in low vigor seeds might be the reason for lesser performance of these seeds. Seed priming although not restored all the lost proteins, but induced synthesis of some other proteins which probably might helped in restoration of germination ability and vigor. Esterase Isozyme profiles also showed variation in their number and intensity in less vigor seeds. Primed seeds further exhibited tolerance to abiotic stress condition (high temperature and water stress) as evident from higher germination compared to unprimed. Besides these studies, some advanced studies were initiated in the present investigation to identify changes in proteome profiles and isocitratelyase gene expression in high vigor and low vigor seeds during germination.

Reported populations of Meloidogyne ethiopica in Europe identified as Meloidogyne luci

The tropical group of root-knot nematodes (RKN) including Meloidogyne ethiopica and M. luci is a highly polyphagus and damaging group of agricultural pests. M. ethiopica has been detected in several European countries (Slovenia, Italy, Greece) and also in Turkey. However, a description of a new sister species M. luci calls for reclassification of all European and Turkish M. ethiopica populations reported up to date as M. luci. Accurate identification can be accomplished through analysis of the esterase isozyme pattern, which is the most distinguishing character between the two otherwise very similar species. Both species display a three banded esterase pattern where the upper band is slightly shifted between the two species. In addition, molecular characterization of M. ethiopica and M. luci populations revealed that the ITS, SSU, and LSU of the rDNA regions are not appropriate markers for studying relationships among the tropical group of RKNs. However, the COII/lRNA region on mtDNA proved to be very useful for analyzing the phylogenetic relationship of these very closely related species/populations. Mitochondrial sequences with low levels of heteroplasmy allowed clustering of all M. luci populations in a monophyletic clade with a clear separation of this recently described species from M. ethiopica. At the same time, a very close relationship between M. ethiopica and M. luci was confirmed again.

Meloidogyne brasiliensis Charchar & Eisenback, 2002 is a junior synonym of M. ethiopica Whitehead, 1968

The type population ofMeloidogyne brasiliensisis synonymised underM. ethiopicabased on morphological and morphometric similarities, as well as through biochemical, molecular and phylogenetic studies.Meloidogyne ethiopicawas first described in 1968 in Tanzania using specimens from a single egg mass culture on tomato and re-described in 2004 using an isolate from Brazil.Meloidogyne brasiliensiswas described in 2002 in Brazil based on specimens collected from tomato (type population) and pea. Morphological and morphometric studies of their descriptions showed important similarities in major characters as well as some general variability in others. Characterisation of esterase isozyme phenotypes of three populations ofM. ethiopicafrom Brazil, Chile and Kenya, and twoM. brasiliensispopulations, resulted in only one esterase pattern (E3), a phenotype already known forM. ethiopica. In PCR assays, the species-specific 350 bp SCAR marker developed forM. ethiopicawas amplified from theM. brasiliensispopulations tested. In phylogenetic analyses based either on sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D2-D3 (28S) rRNA regions or on RAPD and AFLP data, the populations of both species clustered together with a strong bootstrap support. Altogether, these results provide congruent evidence thatM. brasiliensisis not a valid species but rather a junior synonym ofM. ethiopica.

Electrophoretic Banding Pattern Of Esterase Isozyme In Different Tissues Of Puntius Sophore (Cyprinidae : Cypriniformes)

Esterase isozyme of different tissues of Puntius sophore was analyzed using 7.5 % polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Fish specimens were collected from local market. The tissues used were taken from different muscles, stomach, fore-, mid- and hind-gut, liver, eyes, gill, heart, kidney, fore-, mid- and hind- brain, eggs and ovary. Six different esterase bands were detected, named Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Est-4, Est-5 and Est-6 and their relative mobility were 1.0, 0.84, 0.62, 0.33, 0.26 and 0.13 respectively, each of them representing a single allele. The highest esterase activity was found in liver, followed by gill, kidney, heart, brain, intestine, stomach, eye, reproductive organ and skeletal muscles as detected in the staining intensity. Staining intensity of Est-4 and Est-5 was higher and Est-6 was the least stained in all the tissues. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 42(2): 201-208, December 2016