2. Offer and acceptance I: general principles

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examies the general principles of the offer and acceptance requirement in the law of contract. It explains that an offer is an indication of one party’s willingness to enter into a contract with the party to whom it is addressed as soon as the latter accepts its terms while an acceptance is an agreement to the terms of the offer. It discusses the distinction between unilateral and bilateral contracts and introduces the principle of objectivity in contractual formation. This chapter also considers the communication of the acceptance, the prescribed modes of acceptance and the termination of an offer.

SCIENCE AND POLITICS

A translation of a paper by the Austrian philosopher and lawyer Hans Kelsen devoted to the conceptual understanding of the principle of objectivity in hu ma ni tarian knowledge is presented. The paper was published in The American Po li tical Science Review in 1951.

Effects Of Auditors’ Culpability On Creative Accounting In Southwest Nigeria

The study examined the effects of auditors’ culpability on creative accounting in Southwest Nigeria. The study employed questionnaire to gather data from 66 managers and 66 accountants. The study was analysed with the use of descriptive statistics and One Way Analysis of Variance to test the hypotheses of the study. The study found that auditors’ culpability has no effect on creative accounting in private sector in Nigeria. The study revealed that that the reasons for statutory auditors engaging in creative accounting practices have effect on the practice of creative accounting in Nigeria. The study recommends that accountants should uphold high ethical standards and maintain integrity in all their professional dealings. Accountants should not allow personal prejudice or bias to override the principle of objectivity, transparency and due diligence in the profession. Auditors must not only develop questioning mind, skill for critical assessment of audit evidence but must also exercise these skills with reasonable care and diligence.

Das Prinzip der Objektivität in akademischen Texten: Modalisierende Signale im deutsch-polnischen Kontrast

The principle of objectivity in academic texts: Modalizing markers in German-Polish contrastStudents’ written works produced in an academic environment follow certain scientific conventions, such as formality or objectivity. The objective style of academic texts can be reflected in how the writer refers to the research of others or uses referential markers and modals. This paper is aimed at discussing several aspects related to objectivism and subjectivism in academic-scientific writing. Moreover, it shows the most frequent mistakes Polish students usually make in their L2 German academic texts, particularly in their bachelor and master theses.

FROM ANTHROPOLOGY TO HAUNTOLOGY

The article analyzes the modern crisis of philosophy. According to the author, this crisis consists in the fact that under the mask of objectivity lurks the enemy of thinking. What does it mean? This means that we are accustomed to rely on the principle of objectivity in the study of nature. But the turn to the study of subjectivity rejects the principle of objectivity. In this regard, the article develops the idea of hauntolo-gy. The author follows J. Derrida in believing that hauntology is more fundamental than ontology. Not being, but a specter is the constitutive authority of the human world.

PRINCIPLES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

Analysis of the scientific opinions allowed formulating principles of forensic expertology as an independent science that is the basis of forensic expert activity. Principles of forensic expert activity are highlighted, their correlation with scientific principles is determined. Contents of each principle are disclosed and own understanding of advisability of their application is presented. The basic principles of forensic expertology are determinism, objectivity and systemacy. The principle of determinism embracing the principle of historicism consists in examining the subject of forensic expertology from the point of view of dialectical interconnection regularities and interconditionality of processes arising while performing expert research. The principle of objectivity consists in establishing regularities of forensic expertology solely on the basis of the object research using special knowledge, regardless of social, political and other processes that occur in society. The systemacy of forensic expertology, like any other science, consists in considering its separate components as a single whole, a system of knowledge. On the basis of legislation analysis and scientific opinions, authors determined that the principles of forensic expert activity are also legality and independence. The principle of legality is that officials who are subjects of expert activity are obliged to meet legislation requirements in strict conformity with their content. The principle of expert independence should be understood as absence of interference in him activities of any other person. Analyzing principles of forensic science, authors come to the conclusion about pointlessness of fixing of principles of expert activity in legislative acts, namely in the Аrt. 3 Laws of Ukraine «On forensic science». Principle of legality is stopped up in Constitution of Ukraine, procedural norms expert activity is expounded in many Codes and Laws of Ukraine. Superfluous duplication in this case is unnecessary.

Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio (1797–1855)

In the reactionary, anti-Enlightenment, spiritualistic climate of Italy and Europe in the first decades of the nineteenth century, the Italian philosopher Rosmini set out to elaborate a Christian, Catholic system of philosophy which drew elements from Platonic, Augustinian and Thomist thought, while also taking account of recent philosophical developments, especially Kantian ones, as well as of the new liberal political trends in the culture of the time. His aim was to restore the principle of objectivity in the field of gnoseology, as well as in ethics, law and political thought.

2. Offer and acceptance I: general principles

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examies the general principles of the offer and acceptance requirement in the law of contract. It explains that an offer is an indication of one party’s willingness to enter into a contract with the party to whom it is addressed as soon as the latter accepts its terms while an acceptance is an agreement to the terms of the offer. It discusses the distinction between unilateral and bilateral contracts and introduces the principle of objectivity in contractual formation. This chapter also considers the communication of the acceptance, the prescribed modes of acceptance and the termination of an offer.