Anesthesia Management in Caesarean Section with Preeclampsia and Partial HELLP Syndrome

Introduction. Pre-eclampsia is a significant cause of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. Pre-eclampsia is characterized by hypertension (blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg), oedema and amount of protein in urine 300 mg in the 24-hour, which appears after 20 weeks of gestation. Pre-eclampsia can cause complications, one of which is HELLP syndrome. This case report discusses the use of anaesthesia in a patient who underwent a cesarean section with indications for pre-eclampsia and partial HELLP syndrome. Case Presentation. A woman, 41 years old, G4P3A0 34 weeks pregnant with pre-eclampsia + syndrome HELLP will undergo emergency cesarean section with ASA IIE physical statusLabouror pain management was carried out using regional spinal anaesthesia technique, using bupivacaine 0.5% hyperbaric agent 12.5 mg. The operation lasted for 1 hour 30 minutes, with 300 ml bleeding, hemodynamically stable. Conclusion. Difficult intubation in emergency cases can be avoided by choosing of neuraxial anaesthesia technique is recommended. It will lead to better uteroplacental perfusion, good analgesia/anaesthesia quality, reducing surgical stress, reducing drugs that enter the uteroplacental circulation, and maternal psychological to be able to see the baby at birth.

Pregnancy onset congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Upshaw-Schulman syndrome) mimicking HELLP syndrome: a case report

Objective Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a thrombotic microangiopathic condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurologic abnormalities, fever and renal dysfunction. Thrombotic microangiopathies such as preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome are pregnancy-specific, whereas others such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome are not. In this report, we present a case at which we identified a novel mutation which led to a significant reduction of ADAMTS13 activity. Case(s) A nulliparous pregnant woman of 32-year-old presenting with epigastric pain, hypertension and low platelet count was first suspected of HELLP syndrome, but was diagnosed with congenital TTP after delivery. Conclusion HELLP syndrome co-existed with undiagnosed TTP in this case. We strive to have sufficient awareness in order to distinguish these two pathologies from each other on an antenatal basis, because the causes of the managements are entirely different.

Clinical case of thrombotic microangiopathy in obstetric practice.

Тромботическая микроангиопатия (ТМА) – клинико-морфологический синдром, в основе которого лежит повреждение эндотелия сосудов микроциркуляторного русла, вызванное разными причинами, но проявляющееся сходной клинической симптоматикой и гистологическими признаками. Одним из важнейших триггеров возникновения ТМА является беременность. Во время беременности возможно развитие вторичной ТМА – при тяжелой преэклампсии и HELLP-синдроме или после тяжелой кровопотери, осложнившейся синдромом диссеминированного внутрисосудистого свертывания крови (ДВС-синдромом). Первый клинический пример иллюстрирует роль в индукции атипичного гемолитико-уремического синдрома (аГУС) многочисленных акушерских осложнений и ДВС-синдрома, возникшего в результате своевременно некомпенсированной кровопотери. Их можно рассматривать как дополнительные комплемент-активирующие состояния. Представленное наблюдение иллюстрирует классическое течение вторичного аГУС с характерными признаками ТМА. Прекращение трансфузий свежезамороженной плазмы (СЗП) и начало таргетной комплемент-блокирующей терапии (экулизумаб) привело к значительному улучшению состояния и обратному развитию ТМА. Во втором наблюдении клинико-лабораторные признаки указывали на наличие вторичной ТМА, вызванной преэклампсией, HELLP-синдромом при отсутствии острого повреждения почек. Назначенная базовая терапия преэклампсии, а также введение СЗП и антикоагулянта позволили прервать внутрисосудистый гемолиз. Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a clinical morphological syndrome developing as a result of microvascular endothelium damage caused by various reasons but manifesting similar clinical symptoms and histological signs. Pregnancy is one of the most critical TMA triggers. Pregnancy may be accompanied with secondary TMA development in case of severe preeclampsia and HELLP-syndrome or after massive blood loss complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The first clinical case demonstrates the role of multiple obstetric complications and DIC emerged as a result of failure to timely compensate blood loss in atypical haemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS) induction. They may be viewed as additional complement-activating conditions. The described observation illustrates classic progress of secondary aHUS with typical TMA signs. Stopping of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions and beginning of a target complement blocking therapy (eculizumab) led to significant improvement of condition and TMA involution. In the second observation clinical laboratory signs indicated secondary TMA caused by preeclampsia and HELLP-syndrome without acute renal injury. Prescribed basic therapy of preeclampsia, as well as administration of FFP and anticoagulant, allowed to interrupt intravascular hemolysis.

Partial HELLP syndrome: case report

HELLP syndrome is a complication in pregnancy clustered by haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and a low platelet count. It is seen as a serious complication of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Serious manifestations like haemorrhage, infarction, rupture and other hepatic manifestations are usually associated with it. In this case study, 29 years old primigravida is a booked case admitted in ward at 39 weeks 1 day with decreased fetal movement for 2 days. No history of pain abdomen, bleeding per vaginum, discharge per vaginum. Her blood pressure records at the time of admission was 110/72 mmHg and she was normotensive throughout pregnancy. Urine routine examination was negative for urinary protein. However, blood tests showed platelet count of 66,1000/cumm, with ALT of 174 U/L and AST of 123 U/L on peripheral blood film. RBC were predominantly normocytic, normochromic with few macrocytes. WBC has normal morphology. Platelets were reduced on smear. Giant platelets were seen. Ursodeoxycholic acid 300 mg 12 hourly were given to the patient and 3 doses of vitamin K I/M 24 hourly. She was delivered by cesarean section which was performed due to failure of progression of labor with a deflexed head. There was presence of retroplacental clot of 4×3 cm indicating placental abruption, a complication of HELLP syndrome. From this we conclude that we should be careful in suspecting complications of full blown diseases even when the patients are asymptomatic but have atypical laboratory findings.

Liver haematoma in pregnancy: A rare complication of HELLP syndrome

Liver haematoma complicating pregnancy with HELLP syndrome is a rare but life-threatening condition. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. Here a case of liver haematoma is presented in a 29 years multigravida at 34 weeks of pregnancy. Initially hypertension was not revealed since she had presented in shock. She had presented with on and off epigastric pain for many days. In context of haemoperitoneum in ultrasound, emergency laparotomy was done and liver haematoma diagnosed intraoperatively. Haematoma was managed with packing and second look laparotomy was done to remove the packs. Haematoma gradually resolved over period of months.