Comparison of Two Protocols for the Treatment of Class 2 Malocclusion

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of the treatment with the twin block and modified twin block appliances in growing patients with Class 2 malocclusion. Materials and Methods: A cephalometric analysis was performed in 51 patients. The twin block sample consisted of 23 patients, 10-girls and 13-boys (mean age 10.46±0.71 years at the start of treatment, T1, and 12.84±0.78 years at the end of active treatment, T2). The modified twin block sample consisted of 28 patients, 18 girls and 15 boys (mean age 11.78±0.91 years at T1, and 13.32±0.56 years at T2). The twin block activators were used during the day, except for eating time, and the modified ones were used only at night. Duration of the treatment was 16-20 months. The changes from T2 to T1 and the differences between the groups were compared with the analysis of variance. Results: SNB angle in the twin block group showed 1.25±1.39 degrees change and in the modified twin block group, it exhibited 3.69±1.01 degrees change. Overjet in the group with twin block decreased 4.58±1.59 mm, and in the group with modified twin block it decreased 4.43±1.41 mm. In the modified twin block group, there was more retrusion of upper incisors in comparison with the twin block group. Accordingly, under the effect of modified twin block, retrusion of the upper lip was observed. Conclusion: Through modifying the twin block appliance, it is possible to ensure the comfort of the patients by reducing the daily usage, to reposition the mandibula forward and to correct overjet and sagittal dento-skeletal relationships without increasing facial height and to improve positions of upper incisors and lips.

Analysis of Effect on Infection Factors and Nursing Care of Postoperative Incision in Gynecological Cancer Patients

Purpose. To study the effect on infection factors and nursing care of postoperative incision in gynecological cancer patients. Method. 72 patients with gynecological malignant tumors who came to the hospital from January 2019 to December 2019 were selected as the research objects. They were divided into the study group and control group by cluster random sampling. The control group was given routine nursing mode, including matters needing attention in surgery, health education, prevention of complications, and dietary guidance. The study group implemented the high-quality nursing mode on the basis of the control group. Postoperative situation, incision infection rate, and quality of life were observed and compared between the two groups. Results. The control group’s time to get out of bed, postoperative eating time, postoperative exhaust time, and hospital stay were longer than those of the study group. The comparison of the postoperative related conditions of the two groups showed that P < 0.05 , which indicated that the difference was statistically significant. The postoperative incision infection rate in the study group was 2.78%, and in the control group, the postoperative incision infection rate was 19.44%; the postoperative incision infection rate in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group. The difference was statistically significant, P < 0.05 . The factors affecting the quality of life of patients in the study group were lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant, P < 0.05 . Time to get out of bed, postoperative eating time, postoperative exhaust time, hospital stay, and quality of life were the main influencing factors of postoperative incision infection in gynecological tumors. Conclusion. Time to get out of bed, postoperative eating time, postoperative exhaust time, hospital stay, and quality of life were the main influencing factors of postoperative incision infection in gynecological tumors. High-quality nursing intervention had better clinical nursing effect in preventing postoperative incision infection. It should be widely used in clinical nursing.

The Intercultural Communication Competence of International Students in Indonesia: A Case Study Approach of Darmasiswa Program

Currently, there are many international students come to Indonesia to learn the language and culture. However, it is undeniable that they experienced a very diverse culture shock when they arrived in Indonesia. There are many differences that they experience ranging from weather, food, different ways of eating, time and delay problems to different type of toilet. This study aims to answer the questions on how they adapt to the new culture, and how to become competent in intercultural communication. This is a qualitative research with a case study approach. Data collection was obtained by semi-structured interviews with 8 international students who are studying language and culture in Indonesia. The results showed that intercultural communication competence can be possessed by international student if they have a motivation to learn that can make them more easily to adapt with new cultures and environment.

Food Attention Bias: appetite comes with eating

Objective Cognitive interventions may be effective in weight loss. The purpose of this study was to assess if cognitive reappraisal (CR; reframing the meaning of a stimulus in order to change the resulting emotional response), can reduce food attentional bias (FAB) using the Visual Dot Probe (VDP) paradigm. Method 126 participants (age 27 ± 5.8) were randomly assigned either to a CR or to a control (CN) group. After assessing baseline VDP levels for FAB, participants either wrote sentences that discourage eating fattening food or neutral sentences. Next, all participants performed the VDP post intervention. Participants also self-reported on disordered eating behaviors and their height and weight were charted. We hypothesized that CR would reduce FAB and that disordered eating would moderate the association between group and FAB. Results FAB decreased post intervention, specifically in the CR group. The bulimia sub-scale showed an interaction between bulimic eating, time and group. Among those who were high on the bulimia scale, the CR group showed lower FAB post-intervention compared to the CN group. Discussion This study suggests that CR may decrease the attentional bias toward high-calorie food compared to other strategies in the general population and among people with high bulimia measures, in particular. Plain English summary Obesity has a negative impact on many aspects of life and much research is dedicated to trying to better understand behaviors concerning obesity. People are prone to focus their attention on things that are of importance to them, such as food. When people focus their attention on food, we call this Food Attention Bias (FAB). Cognitive reappraisal (CR) interventions involve the person's conscious cognitive change of the meaning of the situation aiming to consequently change the emotional response to it, such as saying to yourself “I shouldn’t eat this because I don’t want to get fat”. CR has been found to be helpful in lowering FAB using brain imagining techniques but has not yet been studied in cognitive processes. Our study used a Visual dot probe paradigm (VDP) to assess the efficacy of CR on lowering FAB. Two groups, one using CR and a control group were assessed twice on FAB, using the VDP paradigm. Compared to the normal condition, the CR intervention helped reduce FAB. This reduction was especially significant for people with a higher tendency for bulimic behavior. The VDP paradigm, utilizing CR. can be expanded to help build an intervention aimed at reducing FAB over time. This, in turn might bring to weight reduction. People with bulimic tendencies might especially benefit from CR interventions when dealing with weight loss.

PSX-B-10 Effect of undigested neutral detergent fiber concentration and forage inclusion rate on ruminal pH, reticular motility, and total tract permeability for finishing beef heifers

This study evaluated the effects of undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) concentration and forage inclusion (FI) rate on dry matter (DM) intake, ruminal pH, reticular contractions, and gastrointestinal permeability for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated Hereford′Simmental heifers (699±69.1 kg) were used in an incomplete 6×6 Latin square (26-d periods) with a 2×3 factorial treatment arrangement. Barley grain-based diets were formulated using barley silage or wheat straw to provide low or high uNDF (7.1 vs. 8.5% DM) with forage proportions of 5, 10, or 15% of dietary DM. Dry matter intake (P ≥ 0.10) and eating time (P ≥ 0.13) were not affected by uNDF, FI, or uNDF′FI. With low uNDF diets, increasing FI numerically (P = 0.02) increased rumination time (min/d); while, with high uNDF diets, rumination time increased with 5 to 10% FI, but not thereafter (P = 0.03). Mean ruminal pH was not affected by uNDF (6.17 vs. 6.19; P = 0.08), but increased with increasing FI (6.04b, 6.23a, and 6.28a; P = 0.02). Duration of ruminal pH &lt; 5.5 was not affected by uNDF but tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced with increasing FI. High uNDF diet tended to increase the frequency of reticular contractions (1.43 vs. 1.51 contractions/min; P = 0.07) but decreased the contraction duration (13.2 vs. 14.1 sec; P = 0.04). Increasing FI increased contraction frequency (1.39b, 1.50a, and 1.53a contractions/min; P = 0.03) and tended to reduce contraction duration as forage increased from 5 to 10 and 15% (14.3, 13.1, and 13.6 sec; P = 0.07). Feeding high uNDF decreased (P = 0.05) permeability of the gastrointestinal tract based on the appearance of Cr-EDTA in urine following an intra-ruminal dose. Increasing FI tended to reduce gastrointestinal tract permeability (P = 0.06). Limited interactions indicate that uNDF and FI act independently suggesting that increasing dietary uNDF, without increasing FI rate, can stimulate frequency of reticulo-ruminal contractions and reduce gastrointestinal permeability for finishing cattle.

PSXIV-11 Silage source, physically effective neutral detergent fiber, and undigested neutral detergent fiber concentrations affect eating behavior, ruminal pH and reticular motility of finishing heifers

This study evaluated the effects of silage source, physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF), and undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) concentrations on eating behavior, ruminal pH, and reticular contractions for finishing beef heifers. Six Hereford′Simmental heifers (579±51.2 kg) were used in a replicated 6×6 Latin square (21-d periods) balanced for carry-over effects with 2×2 + 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Barley grain-based diets included barley (BarS) or wheat silage (WhS) at 10% of dietary DM. Silages were harvested at two chop lengths to yield low (LpeNDF) vs. high peNDF (HpeNDF) silage. For both BarS and WhS, chopped wheat straw was included (5% of DM) by replacing an equal proportion of LpeNDF silages to evaluate low vs. high uNDF (7.3 vs. 8.2% dietary DM) concentrations. Heifers fed HpeNDF WhS had greater DMI (silage′peNDF; P &lt; 0.01) than those fed HpeNDF BarS, but DMI did not differ for LpeNDF treatments. Ruminating and eating time increased for heifers fed HpeNDF WhS relative to LpeNDF WhS, but were not different for BarS (silage′peNDF; P ≤ 0.02). Increasing uNDF increased eating and ruminating times for heifers fed WhS, but not BarS (silage′uNDF; P ≤ 0.03). Mean ruminal pH averaged 5.97 and was not affected by silage, peNDF, uNDF, or the interactions (P ≥ 0.12). Feeding BarS increased the duration (384 vs. 256 min/d; P = 0.02) and area (84.5 vs. 43.8 pH×min/d; P = 0.02) that pH was &lt; 5.5 relative to WhS. Increasing peNDF numerically reduced the frequency of reticular contractions when fed BarS but numerically increased them when fed WhS (silage′peNDF; P &lt; 0.01). Reticular contractions were not affected by dietary uNDF concentration (P ≥ 0.13). These data highlight that at a constant inclusion rate, silage source and chop length interact to affect DMI, eating behavior, ruminal pH, and reticular motility indicating the need to account for silage type, peNDF, and uNDF in diet formulation for finishing cattle.

321 Extrusion of Grass Silage Increase Intake and Milk Yield in Dairy Cows

This research evaluated effects of grass silage extrusion on dairy cow performance. A grass dominated (70% timothy, 26% meadow fescue, 3% red clover and 1% undefined) first cut ley was harvested on June 13, 2019, and 10 days later near Uppsala, Sweden (58°83′ N, 17°82′ E). Crops were wilted (45% DM for early cut, 50% DM for late cut), round baled and wrapped into plastic film for ensiling. At feeding out, bales were chopped in a TMR feeder, and a portion was processed in an extruder, where screws shear the material under pressure, for further particle size reduction and cell wall break up. Eight Swedish Red cows in two blocks (4 ruminally fistulated, 143 ± 38 DIM and 4 intact, 68 ± 10 DIM) were used in a Latin square design experiment with 4 periods of three weeks each and 4 treatments. The 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments included silage from early or late harvest that was chopped or extruded. Silage was fed separately ad libitum and supplemented (daily amounts on an as fed basis) with 2 kg of soybean meal, a compound feed (6 kg for fistulated and 8 kg for intact cows), and 120 g of a mineral mix. Extrusion increased silage DMI (1.8 kg/d, P &lt; 0.001) with greater effect at late harvest (P = 0.021 for interaction between processing and harvest) and milk yield (1.8 kg ECM/d, P = 0.004) with a tendency to greater effect at late harvest (P = 0.055). Extrusion depressed total tract OM digestibility (2.3 percentage points, P &lt; 0.001), eating time (0.5 h/d, P = 0.014), rumination time (2.0 h/d, P &lt; 0.001) and rumen pH (0.1 units, P = 0.008). Extrusion improves intake and milk production in dairy cows, despite depressed digestibility.

315 Feeding Behavior of Beef Steers Consuming Finishing Diets with Added Nutritional Packet

The effects of a nutritional packet fed to beef steers during the feedlot finishing phase (final 64 d) on feeding behavior were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus steers (n = 120; initial BW = 544 ± 52 kg) were assigned to 30 pens (4 steers/pen; 15 pens/treatment; pen = experimental unit) in a randomized complete block design. Steers were fed, ad libitum, a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet and treatments were applied as follows: 1) control and 2) 30 g/steer-daily (DM-basis) of a nutritional packet (containing live yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g], vitamin C [5.4 g/kg], vitamin B1 [13.33 g/kg], NaCl [80 g/kg], and KCl [80 g/kg]). The nutritional packet used ground corn as a carrier and was included at 1% of diet DM. Orts were subtracted from the total dietary DM offered to calculate DM intake. Feeding behavior activities were visually assessed by trained personnel twice (d 27 and d 63) for 24 h, when time spent on each activity was recorded every 5 min. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Treatment × period interactions (P ≤ 0.03) were observed for eating time (min/d) and eating rates (min/kg of consumed DM, OM, fiber, and digestible DM, OM, and fiber), in which steers fed the nutritional packet spent less time in such activities on d 27 and more time during the assessment on d 63, compared with control. Regardless of period, steers fed the nutritional packet tended (P = 0.07) to spend less time chewing per kg of digestible ADF. Rumination (P ≥ 0.28), drinking (P ≥ 0.40), active (P ≥ 0.92), and resting (P ≥ 0.53) times were not affected by treatment. The nutritional packet affected eating behavior more intensively during the first 27 d of treatment, and digestible ADF seems to be the main feed-fraction inducing such effect.

PSXV-23 Effects of a nutritional packet composed of live yeast, vitamins, and electrolytes on the feeding behavior of intensively managed beef steers

The effect of a nutritional-packet was evaluated on time spent ruminating, eating, and chewing (ruminating + eating) by intensively managed beef steers consuming a finishing diet during the final 65 d of feeding prior to slaughter. Furthermore, the influence of behavior on CH4 production was determined. Twenty-four Angus-crossbreed steers were distributed into pens with SmartFeed (C-Lock) technology in which they were treated with: control or nutritional-packet [0.29% DM basis; live yeast (8.7 Log CFU/g); Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg); Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg); NaCl (80 g/kg); KCl (80 g/kg)]. An ear tag containing multiple accelerometers (CowManager) was placed on steers, and such device continuously recorded rumination and eating time (min/day). Enteric CH4 emissions were measured for 15 d using the SF6 tracer technique. Feeding behavior data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model included the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of block. Steer was considered experimental unit. The GLM procedure of SAS was used for regressing behavior and CH4 production data. There were no differences between treatments for time (within 24 h) spent ruminating, eating, or chewing (P ³ 0.197). When nutrient intake was taken into account, no differences (P ³ 0.139) were observed between treatments for time spent ruminating, eating, and chewing per kg of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber intake, and acid detergent fiber intakes. The production of CH4 was not affected by time spent ruminating (0.93 g/min; R2 = 0.0003; P = 0.935), eating (3.34 g/min; R2 = 0.03; P = 0.409), or chewing (0.69 g/min; R2 = 0.006; P = 0.728). The feeding behavior of intensively managed beef steers during the final 65-d of feeding was not driven by the nutritional-packet supplied, neither was CH4 production associated with feeding behavior variables measured.

Relationships Between Food Groups and Eating Time Slots According to Diabetes Status in Adults From the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2017)

Time of eating is associated with diabetes and obesity but little is known about less healthy foods and specific time of their intake over the 24 h of the day. In this study, we aimed to identify potential relationships between foods and their eating time and to see whether these associations may vary by diabetes status. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) including 6,802 adults (age ≥ 19 years old) collected 749,026 food recordings by a 4-day-diary. The contingency table cross-classifying 60 food groups with 7 pre-defined eating time slots (6–9 a.m., 9 a.m.–12 p.m., 12–2 p.m., 2–5 p.m., 8–10 p.m., 10 p.m.–6 a.m.) was analyzed by Correspondence Analysis (CA). CA biplots were generated for all adults and separately by diabetes status (self-reported, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed-diabetes, and non-diabetics) to visually explore the associations between food groups and time of eating across diabetes strata. For selected food groups, odds ratios (OR, 99% CI) were derived of consuming unhealthy foods at evening/night (8 p.m.–6 a.m.) vs. earlier time in the day, by logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations. The biplots suggested positive associations between evening/night and consumption of puddings, regular soft drinks, sugar confectioneries, chocolates, beers, ice cream, biscuits, and crisps for all adults in the UK. The OR (99% CIs) of consuming these foods at evening/night were, respectively, 1.43 (1.06, 1.94), 1.72 (1.44, 2.05), 1.84 (1.31, 2.59), 3.08 (2.62, 3.62), 7.26 (5.91, 8.92), 2.45 (1.84, 3.25), 1.90 (1.68, 2.16), and 1.49 (1.22, 1.82) vs. earlier time in the day adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and social-economic levels. Stratified biplots found that sweetened beverages, sugar-confectioneries appeared more strongly associated with evening/night among undiagnosed diabetics. Foods consumed in the evening/night time tend to be highly processed, easily accessible, and rich in added sugar or saturated fat. Individuals with undiagnosed diabetes are more likely to consume unhealthy foods at night. Further longitudinal studies are required to ascertain the causal direction of the association between late-eating and diabetes status.