structural redundancy
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2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Melis ◽  
Jose Antonio Lara-Hernandez ◽  
Barbora Melis

PurposeThis paper highlights the importance of transdisciplinary studies in times of crisis. In the first part, the study shows the benefits of the introduction of literature on biology to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of architecture.Design/methodology/approachThe focus of the research concerns architectural exaptation. In biology, exaptation is a functional shift of a structure that already had a prior but different function. We will also learn that, in biology, all creative systems are redundant and involve variability and diversity.FindingsAs a conclusion, through the comparison between biology and architecture, we will, therefore, try to build an architectural taxonomy that demonstrates how indeterminism is not a subcategory of design. Instead, design paradigms in which redundancy and variable diversity of structures reflect functionalism constitute an equivalent and essential complement with respect to design determinism.Originality/valueIt demonstrates how architectural exaptation, intended as an indeterministic and radical mode of design, can contribute to overcoming the current global crisis because structural redundancy is frequently functional, mostly in ever-changing and unstable environments. For instance, the failure of a planned function of a city can be an opportunity to re-use a structure designed for an obsolete function to respond to unexpected constraints.


Author(s):  
S.S. NASONOVA

Problem statement. The problems of optimal structural redundancy of systems are usually formulated as a nonlinear problem of mathematical programming with integer variables, and to solve them, usually, various optimization methods are used, which requires the development of special algorithms and appropriate software. However, in the case of clarifying the original task of optimal redundancy, there is often a need to adjust the developed algorithms and software. All this greatly complicates obtaining the desired results. Another approach to solving problems of optimal redundancy of systems is the use of office information technology, the tool environment of which is adapted to solve mathematical problems, including optimization problems. This approach does not require the development of special algorithms and software. However, issues related to the effectiveness of the information technology used to solve this problem require further scientific and practical study. This article formulates a model of optimal design of redundant systems according to the criterion of minimum cost while ensuring the required level of reliability during a given time. This model is written in terms of a nonlinear problem of mathematical programming with integer variables and is numerically implemented in the operating environment of an Excel spreadsheet when the main object of the designed system consists of 6 elements. The optimal options for reserving this object according to the schemes of "hot" and "cold" redundancy are obtained. The purpose of the article is to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the MS Excel spreadsheet to solve problems of optimal structural redundancy of systems. Conclusions. This article discusses issues related to the problem of solving problems of optimal design of redundant systems in the tool environment of the MS Excel spreadsheet. Examples of solving the problems of separate "hot" and separate "cold" redundancy of a 6-element object prove the effectiveness and efficiency of the MS Excel spreadsheet to solve this problem. In addition, the developed optimization model can be successfully used in practical tasks to ensure the reliability of technical systems in the early stages of their design.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2094 (4) ◽  
pp. 042049
Author(s):  
A L Zolkin ◽  
A N Losev ◽  
S N Sychanina ◽  
T E Melnik ◽  
O S Buryakova

Abstract The problem of the functioning of complex technical systems is studied in this article. The authors consider the problem of structural and functional redundancy (the complexity of formalizing computational methods for dynamic and nonlinear systems used in modern industrial production). On the example of considering the structure of the climate control subsystem for a closed loop of an industrial unit, a fuzzy configurator model for controlling the operation of a refrigerator is formalized. It is reduced to: linearization of the reading of instantaneous temperatures from various loops of the considered control system, followed by fuzzification and antecedent analysis. Eventually this allows to implement a complex method of fuzzy control and calculation of structural redundancy in any configuration with a different probability ratio. The authors also raise the question of the comparability of the obtained data and application of the developed method as a tool for predictive analytics in technological processes of production management.


2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 21-42
Author(s):  
D.V. Efanov ◽  

The article considers the construction of fault-tolerant digital devices and computing systems that does not use the principles of introducing modular redundancy. To correct the signals, a special distorted signal fixation unit, concurrent error-detection by the pre-selected redundant code circuit, as well as a signal correction block are used. The distorted signal fixation unit is implemented by the Boolean complement method, which makes it possible to design a large number of such blocks with different indicators of technical implementation complexity. When synthesizing a fault-tolerant device according to the proposed method, it is possible to organize a concurrent error-detection circuit for both the source device and the Boolean complement block in the structure of the distorted signal fixation unit. This makes it possible to choose among the variety of ways to implement fault-tolerant devices according to the proposed method, one that gives a device with the least structural redundancy. Various redundant codes can be used to organize concurrent error-detection circuits, including classical and modified sum codes. The author provides algorithms for the synthesis of distorted signal fixation unit and the Boolean complement block. The results of experimental researches with combinational benchmarks devices from the well-known LG’91 and MCNC Benchmarks sets are highlighted. The article presents the possibilities of the considered method for the organization of faulttolerant digital devices and computing systems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 306-313
Author(s):  
D. V. Efanov ◽  
◽  
V. V. Saposhnikov ◽  
Vl. V. Saposhnikov ◽  
◽  
...  

The article describes a new way of concurrent error-detection (CED) systems organization using the Boolean complement method, which involves the use of pre-compression of signals from the diagnostic object using encoders of classical sum codes (Berger codes). Control of compressed signals is carried out using the constant-weight "1-out-of-4" code. In comparison with the known methods of the CED systems organization, it is possible to implement a self-checking digital device using one such circuit, and this significantly reduces the structural redundancy. The article suggests using the encoders of modified Berger codes with improved error detection characteristics as a compression scheme.


2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. e90430
Author(s):  
Juan Andrés Music Tomicic ◽  
Felipe Ignacio Soto Ramírez

This study aims to characterize a series of high-rise reinforced concrete wall buildings located in Antofagasta, Chile, by means of a set of structural indexes commonly used in professional activities in our country and recommended by researchers. To this effect, a total of eight buildings was analyzed, from which, based on their architectural plans and engineering drawings, a series of properties was determined, such as wall and floor area, among others. Additionally, a modal spectral analysis was carried out according to the current Chilean regulations (NCh 433Of.1996Mod.2009 and DS 61) by means of the ETABS software. Next, eleven structural indexes were selected and determined, which are related to stiffness, structural redundancy, and ductility, with the purpose of making a seismic qualification. The obtained values indexes provide information about the expected structural performance of the buildings under a major seismic event. Finally, correlations between the different indexes were established.


Author(s):  
G. I. Kozyrev ◽  
A. V. Nazarov ◽  
V. S. Soldatenko ◽  
V. D. Usikov

Author(s):  
С.А. БАГРЕЦОВ ◽  
О.С. ЛАУТА ◽  
И.И. МИХАИЛ ◽  
Д.А. ИВАНОВ

Рассмотрена методика обоснования рационального количества резервных каналов связи в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети ИТКС. Сформулирована задача определения структуры резервных каналов. Определены условия оптимального выбора каналов из множества допустимых. Приведен пример решения задачи безотказной работы ИТКС. Разработана методика решения комплексной задачи структурного резервирования ИТКС. A method of substantiating a rational number of backup communication channels in the information and telecommunications network (ITCN) is considered. The problem of determining the structure of backup channels is formulated. An example of solving the problem of failure-free operation of ITCN is given. A method for solving the complex problem of structural redundancy of the ITCN has been developed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 2838-2856
Author(s):  
Emile Gluck-Thaler ◽  
Sajeet Haridas ◽  
Manfred Binder ◽  
Igor V Grigoriev ◽  
Pedro W Crous ◽  
...  

Abstract Ecological diversity in fungi is largely defined by metabolic traits, including the ability to produce secondary or “specialized” metabolites (SMs) that mediate interactions with other organisms. Fungal SM pathways are frequently encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which facilitate the identification and characterization of metabolic pathways. Variation in BGC composition reflects the diversity of their SM products. Recent studies have documented surprising diversity of BGC repertoires among isolates of the same fungal species, yet little is known about how this population-level variation is inherited across macroevolutionary timescales. Here, we applied a novel linkage-based algorithm to reveal previously unexplored dimensions of diversity in BGC composition, distribution, and repertoire across 101 species of Dothideomycetes, which are considered the most phylogenetically diverse class of fungi and known to produce many SMs. We predicted both complementary and overlapping sets of clustered genes compared with existing methods and identified novel gene pairs that associate with known secondary metabolite genes. We found that variation among sets of BGCs in individual genomes is due to nonoverlapping BGC combinations and that several BGCs have biased ecological distributions, consistent with niche-specific selection. We observed that total BGC diversity scales linearly with increasing repertoire size, suggesting that secondary metabolites have little structural redundancy in individual fungi. We project that there is substantial unsampled BGC diversity across specific families of Dothideomycetes, which will provide a roadmap for future sampling efforts. Our approach and findings lend new insight into how BGC diversity is generated and maintained across an entire fungal taxonomic class.


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