The effect of extraction solvent polarity on cytotoxic properties of Sargassum crassifolium against B16-F10 melanoma cancer cell model

Abstract.The prevalence of skin cancer continues to increase from year to year. Skin cancer mainly caused bymelanin accumulation on the skin surface (hyperpigmentation) or excessive melanogenesisoccurs. The brown macroalgae S. crassifolium is one of marine natural resources which is abundant in Lombok, Indonesia coastal areas. However, information regarding its potential bioactive activities remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the effective extraction solvent for S. crassifolium for gaining optimum bioactive compounds with promising cytotoxμic activity against melanoma cell line. The three variations of the solvent used are ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. Some major compounds that were detected by GC-MS analysis in S. crassifolium were state as follow: n-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (Methyl palmitate), Oleic Acid, Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, Tetradecanoic acid, methyl ester. SEA showed the higher amount of methyl palmitate compared toS. crassifolium extracted with other solvent. Accordingly, to the major chemical constituent, SEA showed highest IC50 against melanoma cell line (61.26 ± 2.13 μg/mL) compared to SET and SNX. SEA also induced apoptosis which characterized by increase in apoptotic nuclei.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PROCESS INTENSIFICATION OF SMALL-SCALE BIODIESEL PLANTS: STUDIES ON PRODUCT REPRODUCIBILITY AND QUALITY

Process intensification is an innovation implemented in the design and development of processes and equipment, which can provide significant benefits for process efficiency, product selectivity and quality, energy efficiency, less waste, and process safety. Intensification of technological processes is classified into two main groups: intensification of equipment and processing methods. This study used the process and equipment intensification into a small-scale biodiesel plant system with 5 liters/batch capacity. The system consists of a reaction process unit integrated with a methanol recovery process unit and a separation unit integrated with a biodiesel purification unit. This study aims to test the reproducibility and quality of biodiesel products in small-scale factories using palm oil and soybean oil. The results showed that the small-scale biodiesel plant provided fairly good performance in the form of reproducibility, namely a consistent biodiesel yield in the range of 74.54%-77.8% and biodiesel quality that met the Indonesian National Standard. In the process using palm oil, the yield of biodiesel is 74.54%-76.5%, glycerol 6.9%-9.0%, and methanol recovery 7.5%-9.0%, with a physical viscosity of 2.89 mm2/s, density 0.86 g/mL, and acid value 0.45 mg KOH/g. As for the process using soybean oil, biodiesel yield is 77.4%-77.8%, glycerol 6%-6.5%, and methanol recovery 8.4%-8.9%, with a physical viscosity of 1.97 mm2/s, density 0.85 g/mL, and acid value 0.45 mg KOH/g. The biodiesel composition from palm oil is dominated by methyl oleate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate. In comparison, biodiesel composition from soybean oil is dominated by methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, and methyl isostearate.

Determination of phytocomponents and validation of squalene in ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum serratum Linn roots—using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and GC-FID technique

Background Clerodendrum serratum Linn commonly known as Bharangi in India has wide applications in the Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine which has been attributed to the treatment of various diseases like asthma, cough, fever, rheumatism, and cephalalgia ophthalmia. Squalene has nutritional, medicinal, and pharmaceutical health benefits, hence possess antioxidant and cytoprotective effects. Method The study presents the GC-MS analysis of phytoconstituents present in the Clerodendrum serratum roots and further estimation of one of the constituents, i.e., squalene which is ought to be present in the roots as per mass spectral data obtained. Squalene was determined from the ethanolic extract of C. serratum roots using GC-FID without derivatization. Results Four major constituents, i.e., squalene, methyl palmitate, hexadecenoic acid, and stigmasterol were detected by GC-MS. Squalene from the extract was eluted at 17.5min which was confirmed with the standard squalene peak eluted at the same retention time. The linearity range chosen was 5–30ug/mL, and the method was found to be pretty linear (R=0.995), accurate with satisfactory repeatability. Hence, the phytochemical compounds were detected by GC-MS and the squalene was determined and validated according to the ICH guidelines. Conclusion Thus, the green gas chromatographic method can be used for quantification and qualification of active constituents in the roots of ethanolic extract of C. serratum. In addition, the presence of metabolite squalene by the GC-FID method was developed for the extract which is simple, fast, and environmentally friendly.

Phytochemical isolation and Anti-inflammatory properties of various extracts of Lilium polyphyllum

The anti-inflammatory activity and the phytochemical analysis of Lilium polyphyllum showed that the plant does possess a large of phytochemicals which can be used solely or in combination to over the problem of inflammation. The analysis was carried out by using three solvent systems, in which it had been found that water extract possess more anti inflammation property followed by ethanol and less activity were found associated with DCM extract. The HPLC, GC-MS, 1HNMR and 13CNMR analysis showed the presence of various important phytochemicals viz, Methyl 2-furoate, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, Methyl piperate, Piperine, 7, 10-Hexadecadienoic acid methyl ester, Palmitic acid, Methyl palmitate, which are responsible wither individually or in combination for the property in reference.