Chemical and biological compatibility of different injection waters with Zubair Formation Water of Upper Sand Member in Zubair Oil Field, South of Iraq

Water injection by water flooding was used to enhance and increase oil production in Zubair oil field, southern Iraq. Physical-chemical and biological analysis of five water samples from different sources were collected to evaluate its compatibility with formation water using biological experiments and chemical compatibility simulation. The results show that injection water is classified weakly acidic-weakly alkaline and saline water, whereas surface water samples are considered weakly acid-weakly alkaline. The total dissolved solids results show brackish types accept for Formation water which classified weakly acid and Brine water. All the studied water samples contain bacteria colonies of Escherichia coli and Coliform expect for one sample, while Sulfate Reducing Bacteria was founded in all studied samples. Mathematical model of chemical compatibility between studied water samples and Zubair Formation water of the scale prediction model show that there are no needs for any inhibition treatments of all scales except for Geothite and Dolomite that should be treated before water injection. The biological compatibility experiments results show Formation damage about (61%) and (69%) in the studied core samples, while Bactria in water injection caused formation damage about (20%) and (51%).

Normative Ambulatory Reflux Monitoring Metrics for Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: A Systematic Review of 720 Healthy Individuals

Objectives To review the normative data for acid, weakly acid, and nonacid proximal esophageal (PRE) and hypopharyngeal reflux (HRE) events in diagnosing laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) using ambulatory reflux monitoring. Data Sources PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Review Methods A literature search was conducted about the normative data for PRE and HRE on multichannel intraluminal impedance–pH monitoring (MII-pH), hypopharyngeal-esophageal MII-pH (HEMII-pH), or oropharyngeal pH monitoring using PICOTS (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, timing, and setting) and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statements. Outcomes reviewed included device characteristics, impedance/pH sensor placements, study duration, number/average and percentiles of PRE or HRE occurrence, and the event characteristics (pH, composition, and position). Results Of 154 identified studies, 18 met criteria for analysis, including 720 healthy individuals. HEMII-pH, MII-pH, and oropharyngeal pH monitoring were used in 7, 6, and 5 studies, respectively. The definition and inclusion/exclusion criteria of healthy individuals varied substantially across studies, with 6 studies considering only digestive symptoms to exclude potential LPR patients. Substantial heterogeneity across studies was noted, including impedance/pH sensor placements/configurations and definitions of composition (liquid, gas, mixed) and type (acid, weakly acid, nonacid) of PRE/HRE. The 95th percentile thresholds were 10 to 73 events for PRE, 0 to 10 events for HRE on HEMII-pH, and 40 to 128 for events with pH <6.0 on oropharyngeal pH monitoring. Most HREs were nonacid and occurred upright. The mean HRE among healthy individuals was 1. Conclusion The low number of studies and the heterogeneity in inclusion criteria, definitions, and characterization of PRE and HRE limit the establishment of consensual normative criteria for LPR on ambulatory reflux monitoring. Future large multicenter studies are needed.

Complete and Circularized Bacterial Genome Sequence of Gordonia sp. Strain X0973

ABSTRACT Gordonia sp. strain X0973 is a Gram-positive, weakly acid-fast, aerobic actinomycete obtained from a human abscess with Gordonia araii NBRC 100433T as its closest phylogenetic neighbor. Here, we report using Illumina MiSeq and PacBio reads to assemble the complete and circular genome sequence of 3.75 Mbp with 3,601 predicted coding sequences.

Acrylic polymers for conditions of weakly acid conversion to resins, complex syntheses

The paper presents materials on the conversion of acrylic monomers to acrylic polymers. Similarly, polymers and copolymers obtained from acrylonitrile were prepared. On the basis of the results of quantum chemical calculations, the parameters of polymer and copolymer materials were established, which will make it possible to evaluate the possibilities of complexes of acrylonitrile polymers for the production of membranes.

Strong Intra-Esophageal Reflux May Contribute to the Development of Barrett’s Adenocarcinoma and Affect the Localization

<b><i>Background:</i></b> There has been no study that has directly measured the esophageal reflux factors in Barrett’s adenocarcinoma (BA) using 24-h multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring (24-h MII-pH). We aimed to clarify the esophageal reflux factors in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and BA and the factors that determine the location of BA with 24-h MII-pH. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We performed 24-h MII-pH in 26 patients with superficial BA treated endoscopically (BA group) and 13 patients with BE (BE group) and examined the esophageal reflux factors (esophageal acid exposure time [AET], bolus exposure (acid, weakly acid, and alkaline), and number of reflux episodes. In the BA group, there were 16 cases in which the lesions were localized in an area in contact with the esophagogastric junction (EGJ; EGJ group), and 10 cases in which the lesions were proximal to the BE and separated from the EGJ (non-EGJ group). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Total reflux in the bolus exposure in the BA group showed higher values compared to that in the BE group. The total of acid and weakly acid reflux of bolus exposure was significantly higher in the BA group than that in the BE group. The BA group also had greater numbers of total reflux episodes than the BE group. As for the cancer locations in BE, the cases in which the lesions were located proximally and separated from the EGJ had more AET and total reflux and acid reflux indicated by bolus exposure compared to the lesions adjacent to the EGJ. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Stronger gastro-esophageal reflux appeared to be an important factor in the development of adenocarcinoma from BE. In addition, the cancer location in BE may be related to the intensity of esophageal reflux.

Efficacy of Alginate-Antacid Medication in the Treatment of Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Aim.In this work, we aim to analyze the efficacy of treatment for heartburn and pathological gastroesophageal refluxes (GERs) using alginate-antacid medication. We assess the dynamics of inflammatory process in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) treated with alginate-antacid medication used at conventional dosage, both as a monotherapy and as part of a GERD combination therapy. To this end, we set out to confirm the formation of the layer of unbuffered acidic gastric juice over the gastric chyme after eating, as well as to determine the acidneutralizing effect of alginate-antacid medication upon its interaction with the acidic contents of the stomach.Materials and methods.36 case records of GERD patients were analyzed (20 women and 16 men, mean age 47.03 years old). All patients were asked to report the heartburn intensity (according to a Likert scale) prior and during the treatment. They were subjected to esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and 24-hour pH impedance monitoring prior and on the 14th day of treatment. Before treatment, high-resolution esophageal manometry was performed to exclude the esophageal hiatal hernia (EHH) and to determine the upper and lower boundaries of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Group 1 included patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), who were receiving monotherapy with alginate-antacid. Patients with the I-II degree of erosive esophagitis (EE) comprised groups 2 and 3, respectively, and were receiving proton pump inhibitor (PPI) monotherapy and PPI and alginate-antacid medication combination therapy, respectively. In group 1, 10 patients were examined using a probe pull-through technique with the purpose of determining pH levels in the cardiac stomach, in the area of the gastro-esophageal junction and in the esophagus at a level of 5 cm above the LES, both in the fasting state and after eating, as well as prior and after using alginate-antacid preparations. Results.On the third day of treatment, a complete heartburn relief was observed in 5 (41.6 %) patients of the NERD patient group (group 1), who were receiving a monotherapy with alginate-antacid medication. Heartburn relief was achieved in 3 EE (25 %) and 6 EE patients (50 %) following a PPI treatment course and a PPI and alginate-antacid medication treatment course, respectively. On the 5th day of treatment, heartburn was neutralized in 8 (66.7 %), 7 (58.3 %) and 9 (75 %) patients, with these numbers having risen to 10 (83.3 %), 9 (75 %) and 10 (83.3 %) patients (in the respective groups) on the 14th day. Before treatment, no significant differences in the heartburn intensity were identified between the groups. On the 3rd day of treatment, a significant difference was observed in the dynamics of heartburn intensity between groups 1 – 2 and 2 – 3 (p < 0.05), with this difference having disappeared by the 5th day. According to EGD in the NERD group, inflammation were eliminated in 10 (83.3 %) patients. In EE patients of the 2nd and 3rd groups, the healing of erosions was confirmed in 8 (66.7 %) and 10 (83.3 %) patients, respectively. In general, during the 24-hour pH impedance monitoring, pathological acid, weakly acid and non acid GERs were diagnosed in 28 (77.8 %), 15 (41.7 %) and 9 (25 %) patients, respectively. Under a course of alginate-antacid medication monotherapy, acid reflux was eliminated in 100 % of NERD patients. Among ERD patients undergoing PPI monotherapy, acidic GERs were eliminated in 9 (75 %) patients; however, the addition of alginate-antacid medication to a PPI treatment regimen allowed this result to be increased to 91.7 %. Weakly acid GERs were eliminated in 70 % and 33.3 % of patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In group 3, where patients were receiving a PPI and alginate-antacid medication combination treatment, weakly acid GERs were eliminated in 75 % of cases. Non acid refluxes were eliminated in groups 1 and 3 in 50 %, and in 2 – in 33.3 % of cases. When pulling the probe in the fasting state, a sharp change in pH values from acid (0.9–2 units) to weakly acid, and then non acid (5.5–7.6 units), was observed in 100 % of cases. After a meal and before the administration of alginate-antacid medication, the layer of unbuffered acidic gastric juice (pH < 2) was detected in the proximal stomach of 9 patients (90 %). After administration of alginate-antacid medication, the pH ranged from 6.1 to 7.7 units in 7 (70 %) patients, and increased to 4.2 units in 3 people (30 %).Conclusions.The inclusion of alginate-antacid medication into treatment schemes for managing ERD patients significantly increases its effectiveness, reliably increasing the rate of the onset of the clinical effect. alginate-antacid medication is shown to be an effective monotherapy for NERD. An important advantage of alginate-antacid medication in the treatment of GERD postprandial symptoms consists in its ability to neutralize and displace distally the layer of unbuffered acidic gastric juice, which forms above the chyme surface.

Diagnostic Efficacy of 24-hr Esophageal pH Monitoring in Patients with Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

BACKGROUND: Gastric reflux is one of the most important causes of the referral of patients to the internal clinic, which in some cases causes problems for patients due to resistance to common treatments. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment of this group of patients are very important.AIM: The purpose of the present study was to determine the off-proton pump inhibitor (off-PPI) 24 h pH-impedance analyses in patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) attending to Taleghani Hospital since 2009 to 2017.METHODS: In this observational descriptive-comparative off-PPI study, 572 patients with refractory GERD who were referred to Taleghani Hospital in Tehran from 2009 to 2017 were selected, and the results of 24 h pH Impedance analysis were then assessed.RESULTS: The results of 24h pH-impedance indicated that 7% of cases belonged to Pure Acid Reflux followed by weakly Acid (1%), non-acid (0.3%), mixed & gas (5.2%), functional (58.4%) and oesophagal hypersensitivity (28%). Furthermore, weakly acid plus acid was also found to be 8% and Weakly Acid + Acid + Non-Acid were determined as 8.3%.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that nearly more than half of the patients with refractory GERD would have a functional disorder in the 24h pH-impedance analysis.