Comprehensive checklist of algal class Chlorophyceae (sensu Fritsch, 1935) for Uttar Pradesh, India, with updated taxonomic status

Uttar Pradesh is an active center for algal research in India, but regional checklists are not available. Checklists of algae reported from class Chlorophyceae (sensu Fritsch, 1935) are presented here, with taxonomic status updated per AlgaeBase. The checklist covers algae from 17 types of habitats and includes 749 species, 166 varities and six forma, belonging to four phyla, 11 classes, 26 orders, 64 families and 161 genera. Charophyta is the dominant phylum with 519 infrageneric taxa (species, varities, forma), while Chlorophyta is represented by 389 taxa. Zygnematophyceae is the dominant class with 465 infrageneric taxa under two orders, six families and 29 genera. Chlorophyceae has 305 infrageneric taxa under five orders, 33 families, and 76 genera. Cosmarium is the most speciose genus with 163 taxa, followed by Oedogonium (79), Spirogyra (72), and Closterium (54). Our study revealed that of 75 districts in Uttar Pradesh only 40 are explored for algae, with Prayagraj and Lucknow recording 266 and 144 taxa respectively.

Using Spelling Error Analyses to Examine Individual Differences in German Students From Diverse Linguistic Backgrounds: A Latent Class Approach

The current study examined German spelling errors among students with German as their first (L1) and those with German as their second language (L2) in Grades 3–4 (elementary school students; n = 127) and Grades 5–7 (secondary school students; n = 379). Five hundred and six students participated in the study. We performed two separate latent class analyses on elementary and secondary school students. Results indicate that elementary school students can be categorized as good (Class 1), consonant error dominant (Class 2), or poor spellers (Class 3). However, secondary students can be categorized as addition and sequence error dominant (Class 1), substitution and omission error dominant (Class 2), or poor spellers (Class 3). The three-step multinomial logistic regression analyses suggested that decoding was associated with the highest chances of being poor spellers in both elementary and secondary schools. Speaking German as L1 or L2 was a significant predictor of heterogeneities in secondary but not elementary school students. Polish L1 secondary students had the highest possibility of being poor spellers. The results suggest heterogeneities of student profiles. In addition, special attention should be given to secondary school students with the Polish L1 background in their spelling struggles associated with German orthography.

FLORISITIC COMPOSITION AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORA OF TEHSIL SARI NAURANG, DISTRICT LAKKI MARWAT PAKISTAN

The present study was carried out to determine the floristic composition and ecological characterization of the flora of tehsil Sarai Naurang. The floristic diversity of the plant consists of 143 species belonging to 47 different families having 42 dicots and 05 monocots. Poaceae were comprised as the dominant families containing 18 species followed by Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Solanaceae. Therophytes were dominant class having 89 species (62.23%) followed by Microphanerophytes 19 species (13.28%), Hemicryptophytes 13 species (9.09%),Chamaephytes 8 species (5.59%), Geophytes 7 species (4.89%), Nanophanerophytes 6 species (4.19%) and Megaphanerophytes have 1 species (0.69%). Leaf size of most plant species was reduced indicating an adaptation to arid climatic conditions. The leaf size showed that Nanophylls size were the dominant followed by Microphyll (40 species (27.97%), Leptophyll (34 species (23.77%), mesophyll (15 species (10.48%), megaphyll (2 species( 1.39%) and macrophyll 1 species (0.69%).

Écriture Feminine and the Poetry of Langston Hughes

This paper attempts to locate Hughes’s poetic diction as Ecriture feminine since like feminist poetry the diction of his poetry is rebellious and questions the hierarchical structure of society where White people hold more power and promote the idea of racial superiority. His desire to express the angst of the Blacks finds currency in the definition and explication of feminine writing. The focus of this paper will be on analysis of the poetry of Langston Hughes in the light of ecriture feminine in order to show how Hughes counters hegemony’s repressive rhetoric, challenges the loss of agency through the language of the dominant class and recreates another symbolic order.

PEREMPUAN TERBUNGKAM DALAM R.A. MOERHIA: PERINGETAN MEDAN 1929—1933SUBALTERN SPIVAK

ABSTRAKPada masa Hindia Belanda, perempuan bumiputra mendapatkan banyak penindasan sehingga mendorong mereka menjadi pihak subaltern. Subaltern merujuk kepada pihak yang berposisi inferior dan tunduk kepada pihak dari kelas berkuasa. Pihak subaltern tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk bersuara. Permasalahan tersebut dapat ditemukan dalam novel R.A. Moerhia: Peringetan Medan 1929—1933 karya Njoo Cheong Seng. Penelitian ini membahas subalternitas perempuan bumiputra pada masa Hindia Belanda dan berbagai bentuk penindasan yang dialami dalam novel R.A. Moerhia: Peringetan Medan 1929—1933 karya Njoo Cheong Seng melalui teori subaltern Spivak dengan metode deskriptif analitis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat penindasan terhadap perempuan bumiputra sebagai pihak subaltern. Bentuk penindasan tersebut seperti ketidaksetaraan posisi yang menempatkan perempuan bumiputra sebagai nyai serta pelekatan stereotip buruk yang bersifat selayaknya barang, materialistis, dan digambarkan suka menggunakan hal irasional, misalnya sihir.Kata kunci: perempuan, bumiputra, subaltern, R.A. Moerhia ABSTRACTDuring the Dutch East Indies period, Indigenous women had an immense amount of oppression that classified them as the subalterns. Subaltern refers to people that is inferior and submits to people from the dominant class. The subalterns do not have the right to voice their opinions. This issue can be found in the novel, R.A Moerhia: Peringetan Medan 1929-1933 (R.A. Moerhia: Memories of Medan 1929-1933) by Njoo Cheong Seng. This research discusses the subalternity of Indigenous women in the Dutch East Indies as well as the different forms of oppression they endured, which are depicted in the novel, through Spivak’s subaltern theory utilising the analytical descriptive method. The results indicate that there is oppression towards Indigenous women as the subalterns. The form of oppression include inequality of positions that place Indigenous women as nyais and being stereotyped abysmally as being materialistic as well as portrayed as undertaking in acts that were irrational, e.g. magic. Keywords: women, Indigenous, subaltern, R.A. Moerhia

WAVEFORM CLASSIFICATION AND RETRACKING OF JASON-2 AND JASON-3 IN HALMAHERA SEA

The accuracy of sea surface heights (SSHs) estimation from satellite altimeters is strongly influenced by the microwave reflected signals (or waveforms). Waveforms in open oceans generally have ideal shapes following the Brown (1977) model. However, in coastal and shallow waters, the signals are disturbed by lands, thus resulting in complicated waveforms (non-Brown). Non-Brown waveforms produce inaccurate SSH estimations; therefore, specialized protocols such as waveform classification and retracking are crucial when attempting to produce accurate estimations. In this study, waveforms of Jason-2 and Jason-3 satellite altimeters in the Halmahera were classified and retracked using several algorithms, such as Offset Centre of Gravity (OCOG), Ice, Threshold, and Improved Threshold. The results showed that waveforms in the Halmahera Sea had ten generic classes with dominant class of the Browns. The validation results showed that all retrackers (except OCOG) had the value of correlations exceeding 0.75, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) smaller than 25 cm at a distance of 5-20 km from the land. The Threshold 10% was the most common retracker that appeared with the highest improvement percentage (IMP), meanwhile the Ice retracker consistently produced the best correlation (0.86) and the lowest RMSE (16cm). The retracking results showed that waveform retracking generally can improve SSH estimation accuracy from ocean (standard) retracker.

Legal Interventions and Transnational Alliances in the Ali Enterprises Case: Struggles for Workers’ Rights in Global Supply Chains

This article highlights the persistence of exploitative working conditions in global supply chains resulting from the constant need to externalise costs and increase consumption with a view to sustaining the “imperial lifestyle” of people in the Global North. While the law structures today’s global value chains and is designed to secure the economic interests of Global North companies that sit at the top of most of such chains, it also bears considerable potential for transformation and empowerment. The different legal interventions around the 2012 Ali Enterprises factory fire demonstrate that law is not only a direct product of dominant class interests, but that it can also open up opportunities for resistance and emancipatory struggle. Written from the perspective of one of the actors closely involved in the legal struggle for justice that followed the Ali Enterprises factory fire, both in terms of building transnational alliances as well as in the litigation itself, this chapter critically reflects on the achievements of the legal interventions carried out and also attempts to develop criteria for a holistic approach to what is often called strategic litigation.

THE PORTRAYAL OF HEGEMONY AS SEEN IN SNOWPIERCER

Snowpiercer is a sci-fi thriller movie directed by Bong Joon-ho. This movie presents the world’s survivors that live in a train creating their own economy and class system. The depiction of the movie is how power and ruling position could be achieved by conducting a process of moral and intellectual leadership rather than exercising full coercion. In Snowpiercer, Wilford as the dominant class attempts to gain power and authority to control the society through ideological indoctrination by the apparatuses. The study employs a sociological approach to literature to reveal the operation of hegemony in Snowpiercer. This study uses Antonio Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony as the main theory and Max Weber’s theory about power as supporting theory. In analyzing the data, this study uses a narrative and non-narrative approach. This study aims to describe hegemony through five stages of hegemony operation in Snowpiercer. Secondly, revealing the impact of hegemony on the subaltern class in Snowpiercer. Moreover, as the result shows that In Snowpiercer, hegemony is a process of gaining power through Indoctrinating ideology in which the role of coercive elements is necessary to maintain the power and authority obtained by the dominant class when the hegemony has weakened. This explains how hegemony conducted by Wilford lasts long and strong as it affects particular main aspects such as economic, military, education, culture, etc. Moreover, The dominant class's hegemony arises an impact on the subaltern class in the tail section, many people in the tail section get isolated, oppressed, and exploited.