Res2-Unet+, a Practical Oil Tank Detection Network for Large-Scale High Spatial Resolution Images

Oil tank inventory is significant for the economy and the military, as it can be used to estimate oil reserves. Traditional oil tank detection methods mainly focus on the geometrical characteristics and spectral features of remotely sensed images based on feature engineering. The methods have a limited application capability when the distribution pattern of ground objects in the image changes and the imaging condition varies largely. Therefore, we propose an end-to-end deep convolution network Res2-Unet+, to detect oil tanks in a large-scale area. The Res2-Unet+ method replaces the typical convolution block in the encoder of the original Unet method using hierarchical residual learning branches. A hierarchical branch is used to decompose the feature map into a few sub-channel features. To evaluate the generalization and transferability of the proposed model, we use high spatial resolution images from three different sensors in different areas to train the oil tank detection model. Images from yet another sensor in another area are used to evaluate the trained model. Three more widely used methods, Unet, Segnet, and PSPNet, are trained and evaluated for the same dataset. The experiments prove the effectiveness, strong generalization, and transferability of the proposed Res2-Unet+ method.

Research on Construction and Operation Parameters of an Underground Oil Storage in Depleted Salt Caverns in the East of China

The crude oil price has been keeping at a low level in recent years, which made China's government put more efforts in the development of underground oil storages in depleted salt caverns. Under the initiative of "the Belt and Road", a more concrete concept which is "the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road" successfully connects Jiangsu Province in the east of China. Consisting of 20 depleted caverns, Huai'an project that is still under planning is one of the most successful examples that turn depleted salt caverns into underground crude oil storages in China. Each cavern takes up 24×104m3, while the project totally takes up 480×104m3. TDMA algorithm was adopted to solve the heat exchange model of oil, brine and surrounding rocks, revealing the relationship between temperature and cavern pressure. Salt rock safety factor, salt cavern shrinkage ratio, axial stress and ground subsidence were taken into consideration to establish a 3-dimension salt rock creep model for 19 depleted salt caverns, so that the caverns’ shapes were optimized. Hydrodynamics models were used to determine the oil's flow rate into and out of a 1000m deep cavern whose thermal field was simulated by software to reveal the temperature limit of oil and brine. Due to geothermal gradient and continuous heat transmission, the average temperature of oil and brine goes up from 35°C to 44.3°C within 7 years, while the inner pressure goes up from 12.96MPa to 21.93MPa in a depleted salt cavern. Salt creep ratio decreases as oil is stored in underground caverns for a longer period. Salt is hardly penetrated by oil, while the temperature change has a strong influence on caverns’ internal pressure. The thermal expansion factor and compressibility coefficient of crude oil and brine are both crucial to the temperature's effect on internal pressure. Caverns that have larger segments in their upper-middle or middle parts are more stable and resistant to salt creep than those that have larger segments in their lower parts. When oil is injected or pumped out, it is necessary to make the internal pressure lower than the static pressure of surrounding rocks. Hence, the most appropriate flow rate of crude oil is 4.5m/s. Crude oil that is stored in deep salt caverns may be heated up to 60°C due to the geothermal gradient, but the flammable gas in oil is rapidly gasified or even explodes when it is pumped out to the surface. To avoid accidents and air pollution, oil is cooled down before being delivered via pipelines. Oil tanks used to be applied by scale in China, however they are too obvious on the ground to comply with national strategic energy safety. Compared with oil tanks of similar volumes, the Huai'an underground oil storages may save the overall cost by 35.3%. It is the first time that the salt rock creep model is established in depleted salt caverns, while the conclusion overthrew the common preference of regular cylindrical caverns.

Effect of Incorporating ZrO2 Nanoparticles on Mechanical and Thermal Stability of Polymer Blends

In this study, polymeric blends were developed by incorporating nano ZrO2 in the polymer blend with applications to oil tanks. The samples of tanks from the oil pipelines company of the Dora refinery in Baghdad. The blend and Nanocomposites preparation using casting method, the ratio of ZrO2 nano (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%). The results showed the mechanical tests, the best ratio of hardness 3 wt% with (71.93) and 3 wt% with Abrasion wear resistance the (2.4×10-7) compared with another ratio. The Adhesion strength of pure (2.31) MPa and the best ratio of 1 wt% (8.39) MPa. The current work confirms the thermal stability of the nanocomposites increases gradually with increasing the percentage of ZrO2 compared to the blend without adding ZrO2 nano and this is due to the thermal resistance of the ZrO2 nano.

DETERMINATION OF THE THICKNESS OF THE COVER STRUCTURE OF OIL TANKS

Oil tanks must meet the requirements of low evaporation losses, as well as durability and longevity. Oil tanks are made of steel and non-metal structures of different materials. Steel oil tanks are small (up to 2000 Pa), high (up to 70,000 Pa) and atmospheric pressure due to the additional pressure in the gas phases. Due to their design, steel oil tanks are vertical cylindrical, horizontal cylindrical, drip-shaped and trench-type. Vertical cylindrical oil tanks are the most common and are mainly conical, spherical, pantone, floating lid. Pantone and floating oil tanks - used to reduce evaporation losses during oil storage. The pantone installed in the oil tank with a capacity of 20,000 m3 consists of a steel floor made of a 4 mm thick layer of steel and a ring with two lids welded along its perimeter at a distance of 2.8 m from each other. These ribs provide rigidity to the pontoon during movement, as well as a reserve swimming position when the middle part of the panto sinks. The annular ribs are connected at a certain distance from each other (up to 1/48 of the circumference) by radial ribs. The annular and radial ribs are welded to the floor of the pantone with a complete seam. Keywords: cover construction, oil storage terminal, oil tanks volume, determination of the coating structure.

Using Internet of Things Techniques to Measure Parameters of Oil Tanks

Systems change currently response to the requirements of modern society where theemergence of a lot of sensors and controllers in all forms it led to the use of IoT thatmake things connect with Internet These technologies provide advanced functionalityfor enterprises and oil installations to transmit data in real time to avoid flood and firesituations in oil Tanks.The system consists of two stations: the tank station and the control station formonitoring and controlling the level and temperature of the products and the detectionof fire. Where, the tank station is equipped with three sensors, which are level,temperature, fire sensors.The connection between the tank station and the control station is wireless connectionby XBee. The control station is to display data to the user via graphical user interfacethat were programmed by Visual Basic.net and stored in a local database designed bySQL Server simultaneously sending data to the Think Speak so that authorized personscan access the data remotely.The system tested for several months proved during this period that it has the abilityto address some problems such as floods and fires where it gives alerts before theproblem occurs.