EVALUATION OF THE ACCURACY OF ANTIDIDIABETIC AGENTS IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II IN THE INPATIENT INSTALLATION OF ONE OF THE PRIVATE AREA HOSPITALS EAST BEKASI 2020

Introduction: The selection of appropriate drugs in patients with diabetes mellitus can control the blood sugar levels of a patient. When blood sugar levels can be controlled, then the incidence of complications can be avoided and the numbers of mortality and morbidity in diabetes mellitus will be decreased. The goal of this study is to determine the profile of the use of oral antidiabetic, insulin, or a combination, as well as to assess rationality the use of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) in the inpatient installation of one of the private hospitals in Bekasi 2020. Method: The research design used was an observational, descriptive, retrospective approach. Data derived from the medical records of DMT2 patients treated as inpatients at a private hospital in Bekasi Timur 2020. Results: Results for profile use of the drug antidiabetic agents most widely used in sequence, i.e., drug combinations of insulin with insulin, oral with oral, and insulin with oral. The evaluation of the accuracy of the use of the drug is set based on four parameters, namely the proper indication of 100%, the right drug of 58,33%, the right of the patient to 100%, and the right dose of 97,62%. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the evaluation of the use of the drug in patients with DMT2 still needs to be done so that the numbers of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus decrease.

Two Birds One Stone: The Neuroprotective Effect of Antidiabetic Agents on Parkinson Disease—Focus on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease affecting more than 1% of the population over 65 years old. The etiology of the disease is unknown and there are only symptomatic managements available with no known disease-modifying treatment. Aging, genes, and environmental factors contribute to PD development and key players involved in the pathophysiology of the disease include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagic–lysosomal imbalance, and neuroinflammation. Recent epidemiology studies have shown that type-2 diabetes (T2DM) not only increased the risk for PD, but also is associated with PD clinical severity. A higher rate of insulin resistance has been reported in PD patients and is suggested to be a pathologic driver in this disease. Oral diabetic drugs including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been shown to provide neuroprotective effects in both PD patients and experimental models; additionally, antidiabetic drugs have been demonstrated to lower incidence rates of PD in DM patients. Among these, the most recently developed drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors may provide neuroprotective effects through improving mitochondrial function and antioxidative effects. In this article, we will discuss the involvement of mitochondrial-related oxidative stress in the development of PD and potential benefits provided by antidiabetic agents especially focusing on sglt2 inhibitors.