Torrential Floods and Soil Erosion

Floods on large rivers and torrential floods are the most common natural disasters in the Republic of Serbia. Floods on rivers are natural phenomena that go far beyond the framework of water management and hydro-technical measures. Given the distribution of hilly and mountainous areas in the Republic of Serbia and the developed hydrographic network, torrential floods occur very often, almost every year. Torrential floods and soil erosion are inseparable natural phenomena that shaped the relief long before the appearance of living beings on Earth. Erosion processes are difficult to notice and slow and are most often noticed only when large areas are exposed, and then the problem of erosion becomes a difficult-to-solve or unsolvable problem. For the classification of erosion processes in the Republic of Serbia, the EPM method (erosion potential method) is used, which classifies erosion into five categories that have their own quantitative characteristics.

The Effects of School Starting Age: A Case of Primary School Students in Vietnam

Many parents have the mentality that they want their children to study well and outperform their peers, therfore, they have a lot of expectations and investments in their children from an early age. The children have a busy childhood with a tight schedule of extra classes, from giftedness to English, etc. Parents are free to show off to friends and relatives that they know a lot and are wise before their age. This matter has become not only an argumentation between parents but also an unsolvable problem for the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam. Therefore, it is a serious issue to determine how much preparation is enough for children to start elementary schools. Two main opinions have been given out: the first opinion points out that children need to study before starting elementary schools while the second opinion is contrary to the first one. The paper is done by searching, collecting and summarizing the information on magazines, newspapers and the internet which is related to the topic and analyzing the statistics collected from students currently studying at some schools in two weeks.

Breed group differences in the unsolvable problem task: herding dogs prefer their owner, while solitary hunting dogs seek stranger proximity

The communicating skills of dogs are well documented and especially their contact-seeking behaviours towards humans. The aim of this study was to use the unsolvable problem paradigm to investigate differences between breed groups in their contact-seeking behaviours towards their owner and a stranger. Twenty-four dogs of ancient breeds, 58 herding dogs, and 17 solitary hunting dogs were included in the study, and their behaviour when presented with an unsolvable problem task (UPT) was recorded for 3 min. All breed groups interacted with the test apparatus the same amount of time, but the herding dogs showed a longer gaze duration towards their owner compared to the other groups and they also preferred to interact with their owner instead of a stranger. Interestingly, the solitary hunting dogs were more in stranger proximity than the other groups, and they also showed a preference to make contact with a stranger instead of their owner. Hence, we found differences in contact-seeking behaviours, reflecting the dog–human relationship, between breed groups that might not only be related to their genetic similarity to wolves, but also due to the specific breeding history of the dogs.

Temporality and History in Spinoza

Spinoza’s philosophy is often characterized as a philosophy sub specie aeternitatis where time and temporality are notions without an expressive role. Consequently, understanding human history by means of the Ethics — using geometric demonstrations supported by metaphysical terms — and without the aid of the notion of time, can be considered as leading to an unsolvable problem. In this chapter, I draw upon Spinoza’s refusal of finalism to propose a renewed investigation about Spinozism and the issue of temporality, asking the question: could the absence of time in Spinoza’s work and his writings on efficient and immanent causality allow us to rethink a theory of history?

Kangaroos display gazing and gaze alternations during an unsolvable problem task

Domestication is generally assumed to have resulted in enhanced communication abilities between non-primate mammals and humans, although the number of species studied is very limited (e.g. cats, Felis catus ; dogs, Canis familiaris ; wolves, Canis lupus ; goats, Capra hircus ; horses, Equus caballus ). In species without hands for pointing, gazing at humans when dealing with inaccessible food during an unsolvable task, and in particular gaze alternations between a human and the unsolvable task (considered forms of showing), are often interpreted as attempts at referential intentional communication. We report that kangaroos, marsupial mammals that have never been domesticated, actively gazed at an experimenter during an unsolvable problem task (10/11 kangaroos tested), thus challenging the notion that this behaviour results from domestication. Nine of the 10 kangaroos additionally showed gaze alternations between the unsolvable task and experimenter. We propose that the potential occurrence of these behaviours displayed towards humans has been underestimated, owing to a narrow focus on domestic animals, as well as a more general eutherian research bias.

LEGAL NIHILISM: THE PROBLEM OF UNDERSTANDING

The article analyzes the reasons why researchers fail to Express the essence of legal nihilism clearly and accurately. The article deals with such problems of interpretation of legal nihilism as filling the gaps in scientific knowledge about it with myths, rejecting conceptual analysis in favor of conceptual analysis, ignoring the multilayered concept of «legal nihilism» and its cultural conditionality, and verbalization of this concept by means of the philosophical and legal language, rather than the language of legal science. While emphasizing that these problems can be eliminated, the author emphasizes that along with them there is a fundamentally unsolvable problem: legal nihilism is an idea that is difficult to relate to empirically known reality, and this calls into question the very possibility of considering the formation of an understanding of legal nihilism as a scientific, rather than a philosophical problem.

Infinity and the Problem of Evil

God seemingly had a duty to create minds each of infinite worth through possessing God-like knowledge. People might object that God’s own infinite worth was all that was needed, or that no mind that God created could have truly infinite worth; however, such objections fail. Yet this does not generate an unsolvable Problem of Evil. We could exist inside an infinite mind that was one among endlessly many, perhaps all created by Platonic Necessity. “God” might be our name for this Necessity, or for the infinite mind inside which we existed, or for an infinite ocean of infinite minds.

CONNOTATIVE FACETS OF MEANING IN TRANSLATION WITHIN INCONGURENT CONTEXTS

Meanings can sometimes have unclear roots and different paths of genesis. They take us into unexplored and uncharted waters of primordial experience. Metaphoric and transferred meanings are just the mere linguistic surface of symbols. Symbols on the other hand owe their prowess to the fact that they link the semantic content with the pre-semantic depths of human experience and two-dimensionality of their structure. Lack of transparency of symbols combined with the strife to translate them exactly seems to pose an unsolvable problem which lies in the fact that all transferred meanings are indeed deeply rooted in the realm of our individual and collective experience. The perplexity of individual versus collective experiencing of particular meanings is further confounded in the cases of meaning transferability and translatability. Key words: translation, metaphor, transferred meaning, effects, principles