Histological changes in the gills, livers and muscles of Oreochromis niloticus fed with steriod, natural hormone and pawpaw seed based diets

This study was conducted to evaluate the histological changes of 17αmethyl-testosterone (MT), wet testes of bull (Bos indicus), boar (Sus domesticus), bull/mud catfish testes (B. indicus/C. gariepinus) and pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed powder-based diet on the Nile tilapia fry in an indoor experimental pond. Histological changes and efficacies in producing monosex males were determined after four months. Fifty-five fry were assigned randomly to three experimental ponds in triplicates. Five experimental feeds composed of soya-bean, fish meal, wheat bran, cassava flour were formulated by adding 0.06g of 17α- methyl-testosterone, 17.47g of bull wet testes, 25.59g of boar wet testes, 20.48g of bull/catfish and 20g of pawpaw seed powder per kg of feed to group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 respectively. Obtained results from the morphological examination revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in phenotypic males of the Nile tilapia fry fed with the experimental diets. The highest indistinct percentage was recorded in the 17αmethyl-testosterone-treated diet while the lowest was recorded in diets 3 and 4 with no significant differences. All the groups showed histopathological differences in the livers, gills, and muscles. However, the liver histology of groups 1 and 5 showed central vessels that are mildly congested with abundant glycogen vacuolation and somewhat fat infiltration, while the histology of the muscles of group 5 showed pathological lesions including moderate to severe necrosis. These alterations can be considered an indication of the performance and health of fish in monosex culture medium indicating effects of plant extract and MT.

USO DE RECURSOS FAUNÍSTICOS EM COMUNIDADES À MONTANTE DA USINA HIDROELÉTRICA DE CURUÁ-UNA, MOJUÍ DOS CAMPOS, PARÁ

Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo descrever as formas de uso dos recursos faunísticos pelos moradores de cinco comunidades situadas à montante da Usina Hidroelétrica de Curuá-Una, município de Mojuí dos campos, Pará. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevistas, seguindo o método de “snowball” e analisados com estatística descritiva. Foram realizadas 71 entrevistas em cinco comunidades que fazem uso de recursos naturais para obtenção de renda ou alimentação. A agricultura aparece como principal atividade exercida para obtenção de renda e alimento. Registrou-se 35 espécies de animais destinados ao consumo, dentre estes, 25 são espécies de peixes, destacando-se o tucunaré (Cichla spp.), o charutinho (Hemiodus spp.) e as piranhas (Serrasalmus spp.; Pristobrycon spp.), representando 21,7%, 21,7% e 12%, respectivamente. Além do peixe, os comunitários consomem outros animais, como galinha caipira (Gallus gallus), pato (Anatidae) e porco (Sus domesticus). Embora “proibido” o tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis) foi citado como o animal que esporadicamente é usado como alimento. Apesar da agricultura ser apontada como principal atividade econômica e de subsistência realizada nas comunidades, a pesca é de fundamental importância na vida dos comunitários, uma vez que é praticada durante o ano todo para obtenção de alimento e em alguns casos para a comercialização. Palavras-chave: Comunidade ribeirinha, represas, Amazônia

Inflammatory markers assessment in an animal model of intracranial hypertension: a randomized trial

Background Intracranial hypertension (ICH) is a common final pathway of most neurosurgical pathologies and leads to poor prognosis if not detected and treated properly. Inflammatory markers have been assessed in clinical scenarios of neurological injuries, in which systemic and brain tissue aggressions may introduce bias. There is a lack of studies under controlled settings to isolate the ICH effect on inflammation. This study aims to evaluate the effects of ICH on the serum concentration of cytokines as biomarkers of neuroinflammation in an experimental model which isolates ICH from potential confounding variables. Methods An established model of ICH using an intracerebral pediatric bladder catheter and a multisensor intraparenchymal catheter was used in adult pigs (Sus domesticus). The animals were randomly allocated to 2 groups based on the catheter balloon volume used to simulate the ICP increase (4 ml or 7 ml). Cytokines were measured in 4 timepoints during the experiment: (1) 15 min before balloon insufflation; (2) 5 min after insufflation; (3) 125 min after insufflation; (4) 60 min after deflation. The following cytokines were measured IL-1α; IL-1β; IL–1ra; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; IL-10; IL-12; IL-18; TNFα. Generalized estimating equations were modeled to compare the ICP and cytokines values between the groups along the experiment. The study sample size was powered to detect interactions between the groups and the study moments with an effect size (f) of at least 0.3. The ARRIVE checklist was followed. Results A total of 20 animals were studied (10 in each group, 4 ml or 7 ml balloon volume insufflation). The animal model was successful in increasing the ICP along the moments of the experiment (p < 0,001) and in creating an ICP gradient between the groups (p = 0,004). The interaction term (moment × group) was also significant (p < 0,001). There was a significant association between ICP elevation and most cytokines variation. The cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL1-ra, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 increased, whereas IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-α decreased. IL-10 did not vary significantly in response to the ICP elevation. Conclusion The serum concentration of cytokines varied in response to intracranial hypertension. The study demonstrated the specific changes in each cytokine after intracranial hypertension and provides key information to guide neuroinflammation clinical research. The proposed experiment was successful as an animal model to the study of neuroinflammation biomarkers

Penilaian Fungsi dan Dinamika Kerja Jantung melalui Ekokardiografi terhadap Pengaruh Kombinasi Anestesia Umum pada Babi Domestik (Sus domesticus)

Protokol perawatan kardiovaskular yang baru diusulkan harus diuji pada hewan laboratorium, sebelum diterapkan oleh obat manusia. Untuk tujuan ini, hewan laboratorium yang banyak digunakan adalah babi. Menggunakan babi dalam penelitian ini seringkali memerlukan prosedur anestesi. Alat diagnostik yang paling banyak digunakan untuk kardiovaskular adalah ultrasonografi jantung atau ekokardiografi. Ekokardiografi dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi aliran volume darah dan kemampuan kontraksi jantung dengan perhitungan ekokardiografi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian kombinasi injeksi anestesi umum untuk fungsi dan dinamika jantung babi dengan menggunakan ekokardiografi. Pengamatan meliputi detak jantung (kali / menit), curah jantung (L / mnt), volume stroke (ml / mnt), fraksi ejeksi (%), dan pemendekan fraksional (%). Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan 9 babi jantan dan betina, usia 3-4 bulan dengan berat 25-30 kg, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok kombinasi anestesi (ketamin dan acepromazine (KA); ketamin dan medetomidine (KM); tiletamine-zolazepam dan xylazine (ZX)). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak satu pun dari tiga kelompok anestesi menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan dalam kinerja jantung. Kombinasi anestesi ZX paling baik diterapkan untuk operasi jantung babi karena kombinasi anestesi ini menghasilkan frekuensi denyut jantung yang stabil dan rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok KA dan KM tetapi masih menunjukkan volume stroke yang tinggi, curah jantung, fraksi ejeksi dan nilai sortasi fraksional.

Macroscopic analysis of dental and periodontal tissues of pig (Sus domesticus) exposed to high temperatures

SUMMARYObjective: To describe the physical changesofmacro-structural dental tissues (enamel,dentin and cement) and periodontal(oral mucous membrane, alveolar compactbone and cancellous alveolar bone) ofdomestic pig (Sus domesticus) expose tohigh temperatures.Materials and methods: This descriptivestudy observed the physical changes in macro-structural dental tissues and periodontalin 25 teeth of domestic pigs subjected tohigh temperatures (200°C, 400°C, 600°C,800°C and 1000°C).Results: Dental and periodontal tissues studiedshow great resistance when subjectedto high temperatures without changing significantlytheir macro-structure. At 200°Cno color changes and cracks appear in theenamel. At 400°C there was an increase ofthe fissure and no separation between thehard tissues, initiating carbonization. At600°C fractures in the dental tissues andbone are most apparent. At 800°C burningof the tissues initiated. At 1000°C there wasno evidence of soft tissue.Conclusions: Macroscopic analysis of theteeth articulated in their alveolar-dentalunits constitutes a experimental model thatssimulates the changes of dental and periodontaltissues expose to high temperature.It is recommended to conduct astudy onhuman teeth in their respective unit articulatedalveolar to determine whether themacro-structural physical changes describedare repeated and can be extrapolated,and which can eventually be used duringthe process of dental identification anddocumentation of the medical legal autopsyused in the case of bodies or human remainsburned, charred and burned.Key words: Forensic dentistry, domesticpig (Sus domesticus), dental and periodontaltissues, temperature exposition, animalmodel.