Ways to quantify of abstract nouns in the modern Erzya language

Introduction. The article analyzes abstract nouns based on the material of the modern Erzya language, which in various contexts can be concretized, becoming the basis for the formation of their plural. These lexemes begin to express a real quantitative meaning, in other words, they acquire the ability to quantify. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe the contexts in which abstract plural nouns denote quantifiable relations. Materials and Methods. The main method is structural-semantic description, used for direct observation of contexts when abstract nouns express quantitative relations. The material of the study is based on 1 500 examples extracted from the texts of Mordovian writers written their works in the Erzya language. Results and Discussion. It has been determined that in the modern Erzya language the plural forms of abstract nouns are capable of expressing quantitative relations in those cases when they denote a real quantitative meaning. It defines two quantification ways, namely: discrete way, which conveys the semantics of the internal quantity, is based on the peripheral components of the abstract noun, and unitary way, which expresses the semantics of the external quantity, based on the central components of the abstract lexeme. The main contexts are briefly characterized, when abstract nouns denote quantifiable relations. Conclusion. In the modern Erzya language abstract nouns that have the ability to quantify, carried out discretely or unitarily are often encountered. The contexts with such nouns are often found in the texts of Mordovian writers, who use them as a source of speech expression, a means of creating artistic expression, shaping, interpreting and evaluating images and events.

Middle Verbs and Their Acquisition

The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the L2 learners’ acquisition of middle constructions. One of the properties of middle constructions is that the subject of middle verbs must be a definite NP. Middle verbs can occur by revealing an intrinsic characteristic or property of the definite NP. In addition, middle verbs can only occur along with short adverbs such as well and easily. In this paper, we conduct a survey and evaluate the L2 learners’ responses to middle verbs. More specifically, we have examined how the L2 learners acquired the abstract constraint, the middle construction condition, the definite DP condition, and the adverb constraint. It is worth noting that 45% of the adult subjects acquired the definite condition, 32.5% of the L2 learners acquired the middle construction condition, 50% of the adult subjects acquired the abstract noun constraint, and 20% of the L2 learners acquired the adverb constraint. This in turn indicates that that the abstract noun constraint was first acquired by the adult subjects, followed by the definite DP condition, the middle construction condition, and the adverb constraint, in that order. With regard to middle verbs, it is significant to note that English are subject to the abstract noun constraint, the middle construction condition, the definite DP condition, and the adverb constraint, whereas Korean is not subject to the abstract noun constraint, the middle construction condition, and the definite DP condition. This in turn suggests that Korean is a superset language, compared to English. Thus, learning difficulty arises. Finally, this paper argues that unlike Chomsky’s UG hypothesis (Chomsky 1981, 1982, 2019a, 2019b), the L2 learners looked for similarities between L1 and L2 and thus relied on their L1.

A Comparison of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods with Rule Based Features for Mixed Emotion Analysis

Multi-class classification of sentiments from text data still remains a challenging task to detect the sentiments hidden behind the sentences because of the probable existence of multiple meanings for some of the texts in the dataset. To overcome this, the proposed rule based modified Convolutional neural network-Global Vectors (RCNN-GloVe) and rule-based modified Support Vector Machine - Global Vectors (RSVM-GloVe) were developed for classifying the twitter complex sentences at twelve different levels focusing on mixed emotions by targeting abstract nouns and adjective emotion words. To execute this, three proposed algorithms were developed such as the optimized abstract noun algorithm (OABNA) to identify the abstract noun emotion words, optimized complex sentences algorithm (OCSA) to extract all the complex sentences in a tweet precisely and adjective searching algorithm (ADJSA) to retrieve all the sentences with adjectives. The results of this study indicates that our proposed RCNNGloVe method used in the sentiment analysis was able to classify the mixed emotions accurately from the twitter dataset with the highest accuracy level of 92.02% in abstract nouns and 88.93% in adjectives. It is distinctly evident from the research that the proposed deep learning model (RCNN-GloVe) had an edge over the machine learning model (RSVM-GloVe).

Noun Form of Address of Characters in the 21 Jump Street Movie

This study is aimed to identify the types of noun form of address and describing the function of noun form of address applied in the movie. The data of this study was taken from a movie entitled 21 Jump Street as the primary data. The data was collected by documentation method and note taking technique. A qualitative method was used to analyze the data. It means the data was described based on theories applied in this study. The theory proposed by Braun was used to analyze the types of noun form of address. Whereas, the theory proposed by Brown and Gilman was used to analyze the function of noun form of address applied by characters in the movie. The results found five types of noun form of address, namely; names term (first name, last name and nickname), kinship term, title, occupational term, terms of endearment. This study does not find any data related to the abstract noun because this movie does not have any scenes which describe the abstract quality of the addressee, such as in the kingdom or court. Moreover, the function of noun form of address terms to show solidarity becomes the highest occurrences in the movie.

Revisiting polysemy/eurysemy/syncretism of Old French vocabulary: Specifics of the functioning of the adjective corteis

The article addresses the problematics of the use of the qualitative adjective corteis in the Old French epic poems of the 12–13th centuries included in “Le petit cycle de Guillaume d’Orange”. This adjective characterizes its object as belonging to the royal court and implies a whole series of notions important for medieval consciousness. On the basis of this adjective, an abstract noun courtoisie is formed in the middle of the 12th century, which stands among the most important concepts of medieval culture. Its peculiarity is that in texts it can syncretically implement several meanings, becoming almost eurysemantic. Despite the fact that the issue of polysemy/eurysemy/syncretism has been covered in detail on the example of modern languages, the lack of research in terms of historical perspective determines the relevance of this study. Besides, the adjective corteis has not yet been examined by scholars from this angle. The authors of this article discovered that depending on animate/inanimate nature of the object, gender and social status of character, corteis syncretically implemented several meanings: “corresponding to court etiquette”, “glorious”; “brave”, “generous”, “polite”, “wise”; “noble”, “well-bred”, “beautiful”. In other words, corteis was syncretic both out of context and in texts. The methods of contextual and etymological analysis as well as elements of concept analysis as in works by Iu. Stepanov and V.Kolesov were used in the study.

A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL OF KARSHYAHAR LOUHA CHURNA AND PLACEBO GODHUMA CHURNA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ATIKRISHA PATIENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE KARSHYA

Karshya is the abstract noun which reflects the quality of Krisha person along with the word denotes to keep short, to become lean, to become emaciated, to lessen, diminish, alternate, weak, feeble, spare, small, little, minute, insignificant from the above description it is clear that Karshya can be taken as the nutritional deficiency disorder which may result due to under nutrition or malnutrition. An effort has been taken to find out the clinical efficacy of Karshyahar Louha Churna and Godhuma Churna in the management of Karshya roga. Sixty karshya patients of either sex were randomly selected from Swasthavritta O.P.D. and I.P.D. of Rani Dullaiya Smriti Ayurved Post Graduate College and Hospital, Bhopal, M.P., India. Overall, in this study Karshyahar Louha Churna is 64.05% and Godhuma Churna is 46.28% having clinical efficacy.

Collective/Abstract in Morphology

In morphology, the two labels ‘collective’ and ‘abstract’ have been used to refer to properties and categories relevant at different levels. The term collective is normally used in connection with number and plurality in reference to a plurality presented as a homogeneous group of entities. This can be relevant for inflectional morphology where it can be shown to flank markers for coding number in some languages. Moreover, a plurality intended as a homogeneous group of individuals can also be relevant for word-formation patterns where it usually expresses concrete or abstract sets of objects relating to the derivational base. The term abstract makes general reference to processes of nominalization from different source classes, especially verbs and adjectives. In the passage to the nominal domain, verbal properties like tense and argument structure are partially lost while new nominal properties are acquired. In particular, a number of semantic shifts are observed which turn the abstract noun into a concrete noun referring to the result, the place, etc. relating to the derivational base. Although the morphological processes covered by the two labels apparently depict different conceptual domains, there is in fact an area where they systematically overlap, namely with deverbal nouns denoting an abstract or concrete, iterated or habitual instantiation of the action referred to by the verbal base, which can be conceptualized as a collective noun.

Hybrid CNN Classification for Sentiment Analysis under Deep Learning

Sentiment Analysis (SA) is a popular field in Natural Language Processing (NLP) which focuses on the human emotions by analyzing the lexical and syntactic features. This paper presents an efficient method to find and extract the strong emotions for the sentiment classification using the proposed hybrid Convolutional Neural Networks - Global Vectors - Complex Sentence Searching - ABstract Noun Searching (CNN-GloVe-CSS-ABNS) model. The strong emotions are mostly found in the abstract nouns than the adjectives and adverbs present in the sentences. This research aims in extracting the complex sentences with abstract nouns for the sentiment classification from the twitter data. To extract the complex sentences, the proposed Complex Sentence Searching (CSS) algorithm was used. On the other hand, another proposed algorithm named, ABstract Noun Searching (ABNS) algorithm was used for identifying the abstract nouns in the sentences based on their position in the sentences. The results of this study presents that the proposed CNN-GloVe-CSS-ABNS model outperforms the other proposed models as well as the existing models, by producing an of accuracy 94.87 per cent in sentiment classification.

Some Tendencies in the Functioning of Deverbal Nouns (Lexical Nominalizations) in the Modern Evenki

The paper deals with derivational processes: meaning and syntactic functions of deverbal nouns in the literary and spoken Evenki. Three affixes are considered: -kīt (nominalization with the meaning of the place of the action, or of an abstract action), -ďĀk (nominalization with the meaning of the place of the action), and -wūn (derived nouns with -wūn have the meaning of the result of the action, of the instrument, an abstract noun meaning, etc.). It is mentioned in grammars and vocabularies that -kīt shows a quite regular polysemy ‘place of action’ vs ‘abstract noun’; This polysemy is based on real uses in newspapers (the ‘abstract noun’ meanings found in the texts are often not listed in the dictionaries). The affix -ďĀk can have only the ‘place of action’ meaning in both written and spoken texts. The affix -wūn has a lot of nominal meaning; the ‘abstract noun’ meaning is found both in the literary and in the spoken language. This meaning is widely mentioned in dictionaries and grammars. All of the three affixes occur in the prenominal adjective / modifier position with the modification function. Cases of functioning of these three affixes as adjectives / modifiers are hardly mentioned in the dictionaries, and especially in the grammars, whereas you can find the nouns with -ďĀk, -kīt, -wūn in the noun modifier function in literary texts regularly. In this function, the nominalization loses important morphological properties of a noun, such as ability to bear a possessive or reflexive affix. The nominalization in the noun modifier position can optionally agree with the noun it modifies in case and/or number: this is a characteristic feature of Evenki adjectives. In spoken texts, we have found only ‑wūn nominals in the modifier position; overall, these nominals demonstrate case/gender agreement more often than nominals with -kīt and -ďĀk. We can conclude that the modifier use of deverbal nouns with -wūn and especially with -ďĀk and -kīt as adjectives is an innovation, and that the spoken Evenki preserves more archaic grammar rules than the newspaper (literary) language. These data also confirm the claims of G. M Vasilevich and I. Nikolaeva that nouns and adjectives are not two distinct categories in Evenki: they are not fully differentiated neither in the lexicon, nor in grammar. Not only a considerable amount of stems are, following G. M. Vasilevich, “undifferentiated”, or under-differentiated, but the number of such affixes is also increasing.