Intensification of Biokinetics of Enzymes using Ultrasound Assisted Methods: A Critical Review

The use of low-intensity ultrasound has gotten surprising consideration over the last decade as a method for enhancing the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Ultrasounds have the potential to significantly influence the activity of the enzymatic processes, provided that the energy input is not too high to inactivate the enzyme. By providing the variation in parameters, various physical and chemical effects can be attained that can enhance the enzymatic reaction. Ultrasonic reactors are known for their application in bioprocesses. However, the potential of their applications is still limited broadly due to the lack of proper information about their operational and performance parameters. In this review, the detailed information about ultrasonic reactors is provided by defining the different types of reactors, number and position of ultrasonic transducers. Also, it includes the mechanism of intensification and influence of ultrasonic parameters (intensity, duty cycle and frequency) and enzymatic factors (enzyme concentration, temperature and pH) on the catalytic activity of enzyme during ultrasound treatment.

Intensification of biokinetics of enzymes using ultrasound assisted methods: A critical review

The use of low intensity ultrasound has gotten surprising consideration over the last decade as a method for enhancing the catalytic activity of enzyme. Ultrasounds have the potential to significantly influence the activity of the enzymatic processes, provided that the energy input is not too high to inactivate the enzyme. By providing the variation in parameters, various physical and chemical effects can be attained that can enhance the enzymatic reaction. Ultrasonic reactors are known for their application in bioprocesses. However, the potential of their applications is still limited broadly due to the lack of proper information about their operational and performance parameters. In this review, the detailed information about ultrasonic reactors is provided by defining the different types of reactors, number and position of ultrasonic transducers. Also, it includes mechanism of intensification and influence of ultrasonic parameters (intensity, duty cycle and frequency) and enzymatic factors (enzyme concentration, temperature and pH) on the catalytic activity of enzyme during ultrasound treatment.

Continuous Ultrasonic Reactors: Design, Mechanism and Application

Ultrasonic small scale flow reactors have found increasing popularity among researchers as they serve as a very useful platform for studying and controlling ultrasound mechanisms and effects. This has led to the use of these reactors for not only research purposes, but also various applications in biological, pharmaceutical and chemical processes mostly on laboratory and, in some cases, pilot scale. This review summarizes the state of the art of ultrasonic flow reactors and provides a guideline towards their design, characterization and application. Particular examples for ultrasound enhanced multiphase processes, spanning from immiscible fluid–fluid to fluid–solid systems, are provided. To conclude, challenges such as reactor efficiency and scalability are addressed.

Application of the universal ultrasonic reactor in the processing of rare earth metal ores concentrates

In recent years, heavy industry has rapidly increased interest in rare earth metals (REE). At the same time, new tasks on completeness of extraction and quality (purity) of REE are set. Providing new requirements for the quality of rare-earth metals can be achieved by two modern methods of ore processing. The first method is traditional leaching, but with the use of modern ultrasonic reactors of a through passage type of domestic production. The second method is leaching with the use of expensive imported impregnated sorbents that require special disposal after the deposition process of the desired fraction of material. The disadvantage of ultrasonic devices for processing of rare-earth metals is that the assigned parameters of the working chamber (length and diameter) are calculated for a specific type of ore being processed. Therefore, ultrasonic reactors operating in the metallurgical industry cannot be used to process all types of REE ores. The aim of the work is to study the efficiency of processing concentrates of ores containing rare earth elements by leaching using a universal ultrasonic reactor suitable for processing various concentrates containing rare earth elements. In this work, alkaline ore processing is carried out in an ultrasonic reactor of a special design, which allows regulation of the dimensions of the reactor working space this makes it possible to configure the reactor for highly efficient ore processing at different initial concentrations of valuable components. As shown by the results of the experiments, the extraction of rareearth metals and other valuable components of the ore in the ultrasonic reactor of this design is not less than 98.3%.