A Building Roof Identification CNN Based on Interior-Edge-Adjacency Features Using Hyperspectral Imagery

Hyperspectral remote sensing can obtain both spatial and spectral information of ground objects. It is an important prerequisite for a hyperspectral remote sensing application to make good use of spectral and image features. Therefore, we improved the convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model by extracting interior-edge-adjacency features of building roof and proposed a new CNN model with a flexible structure: Building Roof Identification CNN (BRI-CNN). Our experimental results demonstrated that the BRI-CNN can not only extract interior-edge-adjacency features of building roof, but also change the weight of these different features during the training process, according to selected samples. Our approach was tested using the Indian Pines (IP) data set and our comparative study indicates that the BRI-CNN model achieves at least 0.2% higher overall accuracy than that of the capsule network model, and more than 2% than that of CNN models.

Improvement of Load Carrying Capacity of Concrete Pavement Slabs Using Macro Synthetic Fibers

This study presents the results of an investigation of the effect of macro synthetic fibers (MSF) reinforcement on the load carrying capacity of concrete pavement slabs. Six concrete slabs having dimensions of 800 × 800 × 50 mm3 were prepared and tested under static loads at three different positions: interior, edge and corner of the slab. Three of the slabs were Portland cement concrete (PCC) and prepared as references. The other three slabs were macro synthetic fiber reinforced concrete (MSFRC). Mechanical properties examined in this study included compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity and ductility of PCC and MSFRC. The findings showed that the addition of MSF to PCC improved the load carrying capacity of concrete pavement slabs. Test results obtained indicated that the ultimate load carrying capacity of MSFRC slabs was increased by 24%, 20%, and 23% for interior, edge and corner loading positions, respectively.

ANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES OF THE EASTERN SIBERIAN LOWLAND BASED ON SENTINEL-2 DATA

Processing of remote sensed data for mapping lakes and further analysis of lakes plain morphometric characteristics is considered. The study area includes two test sites located in the East Siberian Lowland. The lowland, characterized by the continuous distribution of permafrost, expressed in periglacial landscapes including thermokarst lakes, is particularly vulnerable under warming climate. An important marker for thermokarst monitoring is the morphometric characteristics of lakes widespread in the study area. A scheme was designed for processing satellite images obtained by Sentinel-2 with a 10 m spatial resolution. As a result, 397 lakes were identified in two test sites. For the selected lakes, the area, perimeter, shape index, interior edge ratio, the direction of the maximum diameter, and the shape factor of the polygon were calculated. The purpose of the statistical analysis was to check the hypothesis about the similarity of the plain morphometric characteristics of the lakes in the YanoIndigirskaya and Kolyma lowlands. For most indicators, the hypothesis of the equality of the mean values of the morphometric characteristics was not confirmed. However, the differences in statistical parameters are not large. The hypothesis of the equality is confirmed for the interior edge ratio of the polygon. The dependence of the obtained indicators on the type of landscape, terrain a

Effect of Column Dimensions on the Punching Shear of Flat Slab

The "flat slab" is a reinforced concrete slab bolstered, by a number of columns. Punching, shear is a category for collapse for reinforced concrete slabs exposed to great confined forces. In "flat slab" constructions the shear failure happens, at column bolster joints. To avoid this, collapse two methods are used, first method is increasing the column dimensions and, the other is to use drop panel if the first method leads to uneconomical, design. Two examples are used to find the effect, of column dimensions, increase on the punching shear failure of "flat slab". The first example, is a "flat slab" of span (5 by 5) m and the other is of span (6 by 6) m. The column which examined is the interior, edge and corner columns, and the interior column is the most dangerous case. It is concluded that, the increase of column dimensions are lead to avoid of punching shear failure in "flat slab" and the drop panel is enlarge the area of the critical shear perimeter and this avoiding punching shear failure.

Quasi-steady capillarity-driven flows in slender containers with interior edges

In the absence of significant body forces the passive manipulation of fluid interfacial flows is naturally achieved by control of the specific geometry and wetting properties of the system. Numerous ‘microfluidic’ systems on Earth and ‘macrofluidic’ systems aboard spacecraft routinely exploit such methods and the term ‘capillary fluidics’ is used to describe both length-scale limits. In this work a collection of analytic solutions is offered for passive and weakly forced flows where a bulk capillary liquid is slowly drained or supplied by a faster capillary flow along at least one interior edge of the container. The solutions are enabled by an assumed known pressure (or known height) dynamical boundary condition. Following a series of assumptions this boundary condition can be in part determined a priori from the container dimensions and further quantitative experimental evidence, but not proof, is provided in support of its expanded use herein. In general, a small parameter arises in the scaling of the problems permitting a decoupling of the edge flow from the global bulk meniscus flow. The quasi-steady asymptotic system of equations that results may then be easily solved in closed form for a useful variety of geometries including uniform and tapered sections possessing at least one critically wetted interior edge. Draining, filling, bubble displacement and other imbibing flows are studied. Cursory terrestrial and drop tower experiments agree well with the solutions. The solutions are valued for the facility they provide in computing designs for selected capillary fluidics problems by way of passive transport rates and meniscus displacement. Because geometric permutations of any given design are myriad, such analytic tools are capable of efficiently identifying and comparing critical design criteria (i.e. shape and size) and the impact of various wetting conditions resulting from the fluid properties and surface conditions. Sample optimizations are performed to demonstrate the utility of the method.

Landscape Context and Fragmentation Effects on Forest Birds in Southern Ontario

We examined the effects of patch size, local forest cover, and regional forest cover on the numbers and species composition of forest birds detected during fixed-radius point counts in 287 forest patches in four replicate study areas in southern Ontario. Each study area consisted of two subareas differing in regional forest cover. The number of forest-interior species (as classified from the literature) detected per count, after controlling for forest patch size, tended to be higher in subareas with greater regional forest cover, but this effect was much stronger in some study areas than others. In contrast, numbers of edge species and interior-edge generalists were higher in subareas with lower regional forest cover. Within study areas, the number of forest-interior species increased and edge species decreased with both woodlot size and core area (amount of forest >100 m from an edge), but total species diversity at a point was relatively unaffected. Analyses of individual species generally corroborated the patterns, except that some so-called interior-edge generalists were more likely to be detected in large woodlots, while others were more likely in small woodlots. There was a tendency for the loss of forest-interior species with decreasing woodlot size to be greatest in subareas with low regional forest cover. In the context of highly fragmented landscapes such as southern Ontario, where many forest-dependent species have become rare, forest conservation should focus on protecting or restoring larger forest tracts in areas with substantial remaining regional forest cover. Efectos del Contexto del Paisaje y la Fragmentación sobre Aves de Bosque en el Sur de Ontario Resumen. Examinamos el efecto del tamaño de parches y de la cobertura de bosque a escalas local y regional sobre el número y composición de especies de aves de bosque. Las aves fueron detectadas mediante puntos de conteo de radio fijo en 287 parches de bosque, en cuatro áreas de estudio replicadas en el sur de Ontario. Cada área de estudio consistió en dos sub-áreas, las que se diferenciaron en la cantidad de cobertura regional de bosque. Luego de controlar por el área de los parches, el número de especies de interior de bosque (clasificadas según la literatura) detectadas por conteo tendió a ser mayor en sub-áreas con mayor cobertura regional de bosque. Sin embargo, este efecto fue mucho mayor en algunas áreas de estudio que en otras. En contraste, los números de especies de borde y especies generalistas de borde-interior fueron mayores en las sub-áreas con menor cobertura regional de bosque. Dentro de cada área de estudio, el número de especies de interior de bosque aumentó y el número de especies de borde disminuyó con el aumento del tamaño y del área nucleo (cantidad de bosque a >100 m del borde) de los fragmentos de bosque, pero la diversidad total de especies en un punto no se vió relativamente afectada. Los análisis individuales por especie corroboraron los patrones observados, exceptuando que alguna especies llamadas generalistas de borde-interior tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de ser detectadas en fragmentos grandes, mientras que otras tuvieron mayor probabilidad en fragmentos pequeños. La tendencia más marcada a perder especies de interior de bosque con la reducción del área de los fragmentos ocurrió en las sub-áreas con baja cobertura regional de bosque. En paisajes en un contexto altamente fragmentado tales como en el sur de Ontario, donde muchas especies dependientes de bosque se han tornado escasas, la conservación de bosques debiera estar enfocada a la protección o restauración de grandes extenciones de bosque en áreas donde la cobertura regional de bosque es aún substancial.