Transsternal surgery on a patient with a pathological lesion in the thoracic vertebrae and severe destruction of the third thoracic vertebra

Due to the critical and important structures in the thorax, transsternal surgery on thoracic vertebrae is very complex and rarely performed. We report a case of successful transsternal surgery on thoracic vertebrae. In this study, a 27-year-old man presented to the hospital with progressive lower extremity complaints. Pathologic lesions and severe destruction of the T3 vertebra were diagnosed. Considering the location of the lesion, an anterior approach was performed. The results of this operation have been very successful and have some noteworthy points. In this study, transsternal surgery is supported in patients with anterior vertebral conditions.

GLT1 gene delivery based on bone marrow-derived cells ameliorates motor function and survival in a mouse model of ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an intractable neurodegenerative disease. CD68-positive bone marrow (BM)-derived cells (BMDCs) accumulate in the pathological lesion in the SOD1(G93A) ALS mouse model after BM transplantation (BMT). Therefore, we investigated whether BMDCs can be applied as gene carriers for cell-based gene therapy by employing the accumulation of BMDCs. In ALS mice, YFP reporter signals were observed in 12–14% of white blood cells (WBCs) and in the spinal cord via transplantation of BM after lentiviral vector (LV) infection. After confirmation of gene transduction by LV with the CD68 promoter in 4–7% of WBCs and in the spinal cord of ALS mice, BM cells were infected with LVs expressing glutamate transporter (GLT) 1 that protects neurons from glutamate toxicity, driven by the CD68 promoter, which were transplanted into ALS mice. The treated mice showed improvement of motor behaviors and prolonged survival. Additionally, interleukin (IL)-1β was significantly suppressed, and IL-4, arginase 1, and FIZZ were significantly increased in the mice. These results suggested that GLT1 expression by BMDCs improved the spinal cord environment. Therefore, our gene therapy strategy may be applied to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS in which BMDCs accumulate in the pathological lesion by BMT.

MANAGEMENT OF MAGGOT INFLICTED WOUND – AYURVEDIC APPROACH

Unhygienic conditions attract organisms into the pathological lesion and worsen the condition, here is a case wherein the patient with psoriatic skin lesions took treatment from an unqualified person and in addition his unhygienic habit attracted maggots into the foot eating away a major chunk of his normal tissues. The case was diagnosed and treated in lines with fundamental principles of Sushruta. The case is a best example of maggots destructive and repair effect on the tissue, the wound with maggots presence healed faster than with wound without maggots.

HISTOPATHOMICROBIAL EXAMINATION OF ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN LUNG AND LIVER INFECTED WITH KLEBSIELA PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP OF IRAQ.

Investigation about hydatid cyst infection in lungs and liver of sheep and its association with Klebsiella pneumonia was done ,specimens were collected from sick and healthy sheep at different slaughter houses in Iraq Cities, each specimens which contained cystic lesions were divided to three parts , 1st part was sent to microbial laboratory ,2nd part was sent to parasitology laboratory, 3rd part was sent to histopathology laboratory . A number (100) of infected specimens lung and liver were examined grossly in order to look for any cystic lesions, as well as each specimen was examined microbiologically, and were positive for both Klebsiella pneumonia and parasitism. Histopathological examination grossly showed cystic lesions on surfaces of lungs and livers with paleness appearance, microscopically pathological lesion mainly were edematous and hemorrhagic changes inside and outside alveoli in lung, with sever destructive and necrotic with hemolytic changes in livers .Reported results' concluded that most cystic lesions' specimens were presented in lung , liver which were infected with bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia.

Study of the Stress-Strain State of the "Spine-Implant" System in Different Types of Tumor Lesions

Lesions resulting from the oncological process disrupt the structural stability of the spine and lead to pathological fractures and compression of the spinal cord structures. Surgical interventions used for spinal neoplasms can be both palliative and radical. Any of these surgical procedures significantly changes the biomechanical conditions of the spine functioning, and the wrong choice of surgical tactics can lead to fatal errors. The purpose of the study was to investigate the stress-strain state of the spine and the "spine-implant" system in various types of tumor lesions before and after stabilization surgical interventions. Material and methods. The model was built in the SolidWorks software. The calculations based on the finite element method and the analysis of the results were carried out in the ANSYS Workbench program. In the course of the study, a comparison was made between the character of stress-strain state distribution in the intact model and in models where the following changes were modeled: lesion of the T12 vertebral body by a tumor process by 30% of its volume (model 1) and cement augmentation of the created defect (model 2), and also lesions of the vertebral body by 60% with concomitant local kyphosis L5 (model 3) and stabilization with a transpedicular construction T10-L2 (model 4). Results and discussion. Based on the results of the calculations, it was determined that the presence of a T12 vertebral body defect by up to 30% leads to an increase in the absolute values of stresses in the vertebral body and the posterior supporting complex, while cement augmentation leads to the restoration of stress values close to the intact spine. Consequently, the presence of a pathological lesion in the vertebral body, occupying up to 60% of its volume, leads to disturbances in the supporting function of not only the affected segment, but also the segments adjacent to it. Placement of a transpedicular implant and restoration of the support of the anterior column of the affected vertebra makes it possible to bring the state of load distribution of the affected area of the spine closer to normal values. Conclusion. The study of the stress-strain state of the "spine-implant" system in the presence of a pathological lesion occupying 30% of the volume of the vertebral body leads to a violation of the supporting function of the affected vertebra, and an increase in the defect to 60% of the volume of the vertebral body and the presence of local kyphotic deformity of the spine negatively affects the distribution stresses in the segments that are adjacent to it. The use of cement augmentation and transpedicular construction allows the support function of the spine to be restored in accordance with normal parameters of load distribution. Indications for the use of cement vertebroplasty is the presence of a defect up to 30% of the volume of the vertebral body. In the case of the volume increase of the vertebra defect up to 60% and the occurrence of kyphotic deformity, it is necessary to supplement the cement vertebroplasty with transpedicular fixation of the spine

Non-traumatic lesions of clavicle – A pictorial essay

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the various pathological lesions encountered in clavicle other than traumatic. Clavicle is not a common structure for investigation, except when trauma is suspected. However, whenever a pathological lesion is to be studied, conventional radiology is the first modality to adopt. There are no standard radiographic techniques to study the clavicle. Often it is seen on a conventional chest radiograph. Many systemic disorders reflect on clavicles. Cross sectional imaging helps very little except in neoplastic conditions. The imaging appearances are described in most of the lesions that are found in clavicle.