Enterocin Cross-Resistance Mediated by ABC Transport Systems

In their struggle for life, bacteria frequently produce antagonistic substances against competitors. Antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria (known as bacteriocins) are active against other bacteria, but harmless to their producer due to an associated immunity gene that prevents self-inhibition. However, knowledge of cross-resistance between different types of bacteriocin producer remains very limited. The immune function of certain bacteriocins produced by the Enterococcus genus (known as enterocins) is mediated by an ABC transporter. This is the case for enterocin AS-48, a gene cluster that includes two ABC transporter-like systems (Transporter-1 and 2) and an immunity protein. Transporter-2 in this cluster shows a high similarity to the ABC transporter-like system in MR10A and MR10B enterocin gene clusters. The aim of our study was to determine the possible role of this ABC transporter in cross-resistance between these two different types of enterocin. To this end, we designed different mutants (Tn5 derivative and deletion mutants) of the as-48 gene cluster in Enterococcus faecalis and cloned them into the pAM401 shuttle vector. Antimicrobial activity assays showed that enterocin AS-48 Transporter-2 is responsible for cross-resistance between AS-48 and MR10A/B enterocin producers and allowed identification of the MR10A/B immunity gene system. These findings open the way to the investigation of resistance beyond homologous bacteriocins.

Gut Fungi Possess a Conserved Toxin Immunity Gene of Bacterial Origin

Prokaryotes and some unicellular eukaryotes routinely overcome evolutionary pressures with the help of horizontally acquired genes. In contrast, it is unusual for multicellular eukaryotes to adapt through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Recent studies identified several cases of adaptive acquisition in the gut-dwelling multicellular fungal phylum Neocallimastigomycota. Here, we add to these cases the acquisition of a putative bacterial toxin immunity gene, PoNi, by an ancient common ancestor of four extant Neocallimastigomycota genera through HGT from an extracellular Ruminococcus bacterium. The PoNi homologs in these fungal genera share extraordinarily high (>70%) amino acid sequence identity with their bacterial donor xenolog, providing definitive evidence of HGT as opposed to lineage-specific gene retention. Furthermore, PoNi genes are nested on native sections of chromosomal DNA in multiple fungal genomes and are also found in polyadenylated fungal transcriptomes, confirming that these genes are authentic fungal genomic regions rather than sequencing artifacts from bacterial contamination. The HGT event, which is estimated to have occurred at least 66 (±10) million years ago in the gut of a Cretaceous mammal, gave the fungi a putative toxin immunity protein (PoNi) which likely helps them survive toxin-mediated attacks by bacterial competitors in the mammalian gut microbiome.SignificanceAdaptation via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is uncommon in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we report another bona fide case of adaptive evolution involving the horizontal transfer of a bacterial toxin immunity gene from extracellular Ruminococcus bacteria to gut-dwelling multicellular fungi. The acquired gene may help the fungi compete against bacterial neighbors in the gut.