Cnicus benedictus Oil as a Raw Material for Biodiesel: Extraction Optimization and Biodiesel Yield

Cnicus benedictus fruits were used as raw material to extract oil, and the resulting oil was converted into biodiesel. Two extraction methods were tested: batch extraction, and ultrasound assisted extraction. Response surface methodology was considered for the optimization of the process efficiency. The selected key independent variables were temperature, extraction time, and solid/liquid ratio for batch extraction and ultrasound intensity, temperature, and extraction time for the ultrasound assisted extraction, respectively. The optimal working conditions are different for the two extraction techniques, with respect to temperature, solid/liquid ratio, and extraction time, respectively, leading to higher extraction efficiency in the case of the ultrasound-assisted extraction. Cnicus benedictus oil obtained under the optimal extraction conditions was further esterified with methanol under acid catalysis to yield biodiesel. The biodiesel was characterized through 1H-NMR and the main fuel properties were determined.

Batch extraction of morphological and color metrics from invertebrate samples. v1

This protocol is the complete methods used to extract abundance, morphology and color data from samples of invertebrates. We developed this protocol specifically to measure invertebrate by-catch from pitfall traps collected by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), but these methods could be extended to any invertebrate samples. These methods were used in the publications: Blair, J.,M.D. Weiser, M. Kaspari, M.J. Miller, C. Siler and K. Marshall. 2020. Robust and simplified machine learning identification of pitfall trap-collected ground beetles at the continental scale. Ecology and Evolution 10(23): 13143-13153. DOI:10.1002/ece3.6905. Weiser, M.D., K.E. Marshall, M.J. Miller, C.D. Siler, S.N. Smith & M. Kaspari. in review at Oikos (October 2021). Robust metagenomic evidence that local assemblage richness increases with latitude in ground-active invertebrates of North America.

Study of Extraction Kinetics of Total Polyphenols from Curry Leaves

Solid-liquid batch extraction of total polyphenol content from curry leaves (Murraya koenigii L.) was studied in this paper. The effect of different solvent concentrations and temperatures on total polyphenol content was investigated by performing batch experiments. The experimental studies showed that the kinetics of solid-liquid batch extraction was influenced by different solvent concentrations and temperatures. In solid-liquid batch extraction, more recovery of total polyphenols was obtained for 50% (v/v) aqueous methanol and at 333 K temperature. The total polyphenol obtained at optimum conditions was 79.34 mgGAE/L. Mathematical modelling is an important engineering tool used to study the kinetics of extraction as well as in the design of the extraction process to reduce time, energy, and chemical reagents. Peleg and Power law, the two mathematical models, were used to study the kinetics of the batch extraction process. The Peleg model showed the best fit to explain the kinetics of process with R2 > 0.99. Further conventional extraction methods are compared with the novel extraction method.

Nano Science Process Intensification for the Extraction of Phenolic Compound from a natural source with Stirred Batch Extraction Techniques

: The phenolic compounds are normally originating in together edible and nonedible plants, and they have been described several nanoscience based biological properties, containing antioxidant movement. The phenolic compound is present in fruits, vegetables, leaves, tea, coffee, peels, wine, etc. Also, the obtained phenolic compounds from therapeutic herbs and nutritional plants include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins and other. In a corresponding path from last two decades, nanoscience has wide application in extraction of bioactive components from various natural resources. Furthermore, nanomaterials have made significant contribution for the improvement of analytical techniques towards the collective objective to develop analytical recital and sustainability to developing new techniques for maintain the superiority assurance of food and beverages. In modern years, extraction and refining of bioactive composites as of natural sources proven excessive attention as they are used in various sectors such as foodstuffs, perfumery, cosmetics, paints and medicinal. Hence, separation of natural products and identification of new natural sources of bioactive compounds have increased methodical and industrialized significance. As the extraction and purification of these bioactive composites are the main steps to come across the rising demands. In this study extraction of the phenolic compound was carried out from the Citrus Sinensis (Orange) powder by the stirred batch extraction and comparison with the traditional soxhlet extraction techniques. The investigational outcomes confirm that the extracted phenolic compounds were maximally concentrated of 0.101 and 0.126 mg of GAE/g at speed of agitation (rpm) temperature (̊C) respectively.