Part 3 Protection, 9 International Protection

This chapter assesses international protection. The lack or denial of protection is a principal feature of refugee character, and it is for international law, in turn, to substitute its own protection for that which the country of origin cannot or will not provide. Non-refoulement is the foundation stone of international protection. The first intergovernmental arrangements on behalf of refugees were contemporaneous with the establishment of various international institutions charged with their implementation. The chapter then looks at the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), and other organizations and agencies. It also considers the protection of groups of refugees who face particular vulnerabilities, including women refugees, child refugees, and refugees with disabilities. Each group is protected by one or more particular human rights treaties, which recognize their rights, and members of these groups are often subject to discrimination or otherwise marginalized.

Metaphysical Foundations of Theistic Argumentation

The proofs of God's existence is the subject matter of the article. Four main types of proofs are analyzed: cosmological, teleological, ontological and moral. It is argued that there is a general scheme of theistic reasoning present in all four types of proving. The principal feature of this scheme lies in recognizing a ground of everything existing which goes beyond the material (or natural) world. Possible naturalistic arguments excluding a non-material, super-natural foundation of the world are also analyzed. The objections to naturalistic arguments are formulated, making it possible to assert that the natural world cannot be explained from itself. Nor it can be explained from its physical (or natural) part. At the same time, the material world needs an explanation. To meet this need, the extended direct theistic arguments are formulated in the article. They begin with the fact of there being something and include two aspects of theistic argumentation: one is to establish the existence of immaterial foundation of the natural world; another is to demonstrate that this immaterial foundation may be identified with the world subject – omnipotent, omniscient, all-good, immaterial rational being which mainly corresponds to God of theistic religions. The conclusion is made that the thinkability and rationality of the idea of God is provable. One can argue that the idea of God more rationally explains the world. Moreover, it is evident that theism is rational, naturalism (as the principle of the general explanation of everything) is irrational. But the question remains how rational the world is.

The first bismuth borate oxyiodide, Bi4BO7I: commensurate or incommensurate?

The first bismuth borate oxyiodide, Bi4BO7I, has been prepared by solid-state reaction in evacuated silica ampoules. Its crystal structure [space group Immm(00γ)000] comprises litharge-related layers of edge-sharing OBi4 tetrahedra; the interlayer space is filled by I− and [BO3]3− anions. The wavevector, q = 0.242 (3)c*, is very close to the rational value of c*/4, yet refinement based on commensurate modulation faces serious problems indicating the incommensurate nature of the modulation. The I-/[BO3]3− anions are ordered in a complex sequence along [001], i.e. –<–BO3–BO3–I–I–> n = 28–I–I–I–<–BO3–BO3–I–I–> n = 28–BO3–BO3–BO3–, leading to a structural modulation. The principal feature of the latter is the presence of –I–I–I– and –BO3–BO3–BO3– sequences that cannot be accounted for in the a × b × 4c supercell. The thermal expansion of Bi4BO7I is weakly anisotropic (αa = 8, αb = 15 and αc = 17 × 10−6 K−1 at 500 K) which is caused by preferential orientation of the borate groups.

Maintenance accounting and usage of organizational capabilities

One approach to improving an organization’s activities is an approach aimed at regulating its capabili-ties. This approach is applied in many fields of activity, but most extensively and consistently in the defense sphere of developed countries, NATO, and recently in Ukraine. The scale and complexity of the tasks that need to be addressed within the capability-based approach make it necessary to support these activities with appropriate tools. In this paper, we propose a conceptual model of accounting and use of capabilities. This model, the principal feature of which is the distinction between nominal and actual activity plans, has two components: static and dynamic. The static component of the model is a set of entities, relationships between them, as well as attributes of entities and relationships between entities. The main entities are capability and carrier of capability. There are nominal carriers of capabilities (exist only on paper) and actual carriers (instances of nominal carrier, for which, at a minimum, the coordi-nates of their location can be specified). The division into types, as well as the use of metamodels for describing capabilities and carriers of capabilities are supposed. The requirements to both the capability and the carrier of the capability can be advanced. Both actual carriers of capabilities as a whole and their (actual) capabilities are subject to assessment. Dynamic component of the model – the activity support-ed by the model – breaks up into accounting and use of capabilities. The model is supplemented by a component that allows to record the requirements and assessments of the capability carrier with distri-bution to various components of its resource (DOTMLPF-distribution). The proposed model can be used as the basis for creating the appropriate information technology.

К ПРОБЛЕМЕ КОМПЛЕКСНОСТИ В ФИНАНСОВО-ПРАВОВОМ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИИ

В статье рассматривается признак комплексности финансово-правового регулирова­ния. Принципиальной особенностью финансовых отношений является их имущественная природа, которая выражает динамизм, как в движении специфической формы имущества — денежных средств, так и специфического собственника — государственного об­разования. Наличие единой однородной системы финансово-правовой отрасли не исклю­чает комплексных образований в пределах финансового законодательства. Признак комплексности не может быть присущим отрасли права с точки зрения самой природы этого явления. Комплексность может быть присущей законодательству, поскольку речь идет о принципиальном отличии от права. The article is devoted to the problem of complex character of financial regulation. The principal feature of the financial relationship is its proprietary nature, which expresses the dynamism, both in the movement of a specific form of property — money and a specific owner — state entity. The presence of a single congeneric system of financial law branch doesn't preclude complex formations within the financial legislation. A branch of law can not have complex nature because of the nature of this phenomenon. Legislation may have complex character, because in this case it fundamentally differs from law.

The Language of War 2006–11

This chapter reconstructs the fourth, fifth and sixth round of the Ṣaʿdah War whose principal feature was their enormous territorial expansion. The chapter discusses the conflict’s internal and external dynamics which began to obstruct any efforts at mediation and peace-making. Tribal feuding, the emergence of a war economy, domestic political intrigues, foreign meddling, elite conflict and the increasing sectarian character of the war contributed to the emergence of a hybrid, explosive conflict situation that hardly resembled the initial situation in 2004. As the Houthis continuously grew bolder, Saudi Arabia’s entry into the war in November 2009 provided significant relief for the Yemeni army. In February 2010, the sixth and final ‘official’ Houthi war ended in stalemate.