Steady state modeling of steam condensate cooler

Mathematical models for steam condensate cooler were developed. The models were deduced by applying the principle of conservation of energy and yielded an ordinary differential equation, which were solved by using MatLab ODE45 solver and validated using industrial data of a fertilizer company. The result gives minimum percentage absolute error or deviation between model predictions and industrial plant of 0.09% and 0.10% respectively for hot and cold fluid outlet temperature. These shows that the developed model predicted the fluid outlet temperature of the steam condensate cooler closely and the models were used to study the effects of process parameters such as fluid inlet flow rate and heat transfer coefficient on the performance of the steam condensate cooler.

Economics of Resource Utilization for Manufacturing of Dairy Products in a Cooperative Dairy Plant in Coastal Odisha

The study conducted at a cooperative dairy plant having the capacity of 50,000LPD revealed that out of total units 971 thousand, about 80 percent of the electricity was consumed together in refrigeration, pasteurization and polypack sections. Only 1.67 percent of the total electricity was consumed in the product section. The steam condensate recovery in milk pasteurization was 200 litres per hour at an average temperature of 80 c, which was not being recycled and drained. If the water condensate were re-utilized, there o would be saving in soft water as well as thermal energy. Refrigeration requirement for pasteurized milk was found to be 61.35 kilocalories per unit. Out of the total refrigeration, the electricity contributed to the maximum percentage of the total cost about 55 percent. In the case of water utilization, washing and cleaning of trays and cans and overall floor cleaning of plant utilized about 50 percent of the total water. Cost of water pumping was found to be 8.38 per kilolitre of water.

Marine integral water cooled reactors with steam-condensate process in the primary circuit

Одним из путей улучшения массо-габаритных характеристик судовых водоохлаждаемых реакторов интегрального типа с естественной циркуляцией теплоносителя является реализация пароконденсатного цикла в первом контуре, при котором насыщенный пар с высокой степенью сухости генерируется непосредственно в активной зоне и затем конденсируется в парогенера­торе, отдавая тепло рабочему телу второго контура. Тепловыделяющий канал активной зоны с непосредственной генерацией насыщенного пара состоит из кольцевого твэла и установленной в его полости нетепловыделяющей трубки с навивкой для закрутки потока теплоносителя. Закрутка потока внутри твэла предотвращает кризис кипения на его внутренней поверхности (на наружной поверхности твэла имеет место закризисный режим теплоотдачи), что обеспечивает допустимые значения температур топлива и оболочек твэла при достаточно высокой плотности энерговыделений, характерных для активных зон судовых реакторов. В статье описаны особенности теплогидравлического расчета каналов активной зоны, парогенератора-конденсатора и контура естественной циркуляции интегрального реактора с пароконденсатным циклом в первом контуре. Представлены результаты расчета характеристик реакторов тепловой мощностью 150 и 25 МВт. Показано, что размеры интегральных реакторов с естественной циркуляцией теплоносителя при реализации пароконденсатного цикла в первом контуре не превышают размеры характерные для интегральных водоохлаждаемых реакторов с принудительной циркуляцией теплоносителя, предназначенных к использованию на объектах морской техники. One of the ways to improve the weight and size characteristics of integrated water-cooled reactors with natural coolant circulation is to implement a steam condensate cycle in the primary circuit, in which dry saturated steam is generated directly in the core and then condenses in the steam generator. The fuel channel of the core with the direct generation of saturated steam consists of an annular fuel rod and a non-fuel pipe installed in its cavity with a winding for swirling the coolant flow. The swirling of the flow inside the fuel element prevents a burn up its internal surface (there is a post-crisis heat transfer regime on the external surface of the fuel element), which ensures acceptable temperatures of the fuel and its cladding at a sufficiently high energy density typical for marine reactor core. The article discusses the features of thermal-hydraulic calculations of the core channel, steam generator – condenser and natural circulation circuit of integral type reactor with the steam-condensate cycle in the primary circuit. It is presents the characteristics of marine reactors with a thermal capacity of 150 and 25 MW. It is shown that size of the marine integrated reactors with natural coolant circulation and a steam condensate cycle in the primary circuit is similar to size of reactor with enforced coolant circulation.

Methodology for studying the quality of steam condensate and cooling water of a steam turbine condenser

Monitoring the suction of cooling water into steam with measurements of , H and pH of condensate is simultaneously a characteristic of the water-chemical regime of the main loop and the system of circulating (or direct-flow) cooling and has attracted increased attention in recent years. This is due both to the signif-icant suction of cooling water into the condensing steam at the power units of TPPs and NPPs, and to the appearance on the market of new reagents – deposit and corrosion inhibitors. Investigation of the behavior of such substances under conditions of a recirculating cooling system is a complex task, the solution of which depends on many factors. The purpose of the scientific research was to develop a methodology for instrumental (automated) control based on measurements of electrical conductivity ( and H) and pH, which makes it possible to reduce the number of controlled parameters of circulating water, to increase the information content of the measurement results in terms of the amount of suction of circulating water into condensing steam.The implementation of the task in laboratory conditions was carried out using the experi-mental stand «Installation of reverse osmosis and chemical desalination», which provides the ability to measure the specific electrical conductivity of direct () and H-cationized (H) samples of steam condensate and calculate a number of normalized parameters according to the author's algorithm. A large volume of chemical quality control of the make-up and circulating water in the recirculating cooling system limits the efficiency of research and requires large labor costs. In this case, the method of indirect (calculated) deter-mination of the concentrations of ionic impurities can be used by calculating them according to the author's algorithm using the measured values of electrical conductivity and pH.Two laboratory units are presented: reverse osmosis and chemical desalination; modeling the water regime of recirculating cooling systems. A method is proposed for studying the state of the water-chemical regime of a steam turbine condenser both from the side of steam and from the side of cooling water. Examples of using the methodology for calculating the characteristics of steam condensate and cooling water are given. It is shown that the use of instrumental measurements of specific electrical conductivity and pH makes it possible to reduce the volume of laboratory chemical control of aqueous media, to increase the efficiency and information content of the measurement results.A patent for an invention of the Russian Federation No. 2658020 was obtained for a laboratory installation of reverse osmosis and chemical desalination. A distinctive feature of the installation is the ability to obtain deeply demineralized water with a specific electrical conductivity of less than 0,2 μS / cm with the subsequent preparation of extremely dilute solutions. The second laboratory unit simulates the water regime of recirculating cooling systems and can be used in the operating conditions of the power plant. The scientific novelty of the method for the chemical quality control of steam condensate and circulating water consists in the use of an original author's algorithm, which provides the calculation of a number of standardized indicators based on the measured values of electrical conductivity and pH.

Design of a Steam Condensate Pumping System

The project work considers design of a pumping system for steam condensate operating at a pressure of 4 bar. The pumping system is designed to transfer steam condensate (saturated liquid) operating at 143.6 Degree celsius between two storage tanks. Developing pumping systems for critical process systems require special attention. Critical process system is one wherein failure of the system due to incorrect equipment selection or incorrect operation can have a huge impact on safety and/or have a huge environmental impact. Developing such process critical systems require the use of engineering standards and application of process safety management systems. In this project, steam condensate is operating at high temperature and therefore failure of the either material or equipment could pose a serious threat to the environment and/or mankind. In this project, emphasis is given to system development and the various steps in determining the pump specifications. The importance of net positive suction head (NPSH) calculations are considered in the analysis. DuPont process safety management (PSM) engineering standards are employed in selecting the appropriate materials. An excel model is developed to simulate the required head for various flow rates, pipe dimensions and tank pressures. The model can be used to develop system curve and pump curve can be superimposed on the system curve to choose the right pump for the given application.