SECONDARY RADIATION MAPPING

Radiation protection for personnel working with X-rays is of vital importance. Several studies have been published regarding the secondary radiation and the shielding requirements to areas that are adjacent to the X-ray units. In this work, secondary radiation in a conventional radiographic room, in terms of dose rate (mSv/hr), as a function of different radiographic exposure factors has been studied. The measurements were performed with a 451P Fluke Biomedical survey meter on a Philips Medio 65 CP-H X-ray generator with a cylindrical water phantom. It was found that the dose rate from the scatter radiation decreases with distance. An added filtration of 2.0 mmAl at 100 kVp reduced the secondary dose rate further by 21.4%. The results of this study may be of value during exposure of personnel that are not protected by shielding materials. Highlights Ÿ It was found that the dose rate from the scatter radiation decreases with distance. An added filtration of 2.0 mmAl at 100 kVp reduced the secondary dose rate further by 21.4%. Ÿ The mean secondary X-ray energies for 60, 80, 100 and 100 kV with 2 mmAl added, were calculated as 34.41, 51.12, 69.03 and 71.29 keV respectively. Ÿ The results of this study are of value during exposure of people such as radiographers, and patients during the use of mobile X-ray units.

Analisis Paparan Radiasi Hambur di Ruang Isolasi COVID-19 RSUD Kraton Kabupaten Pekalongan

Analysis of Distributed Radiation Exposure in The Covid-19 Isolation Room in Kraton Re¬gional Hospital, Pekalongan Regency. Since Covid-19 was declared a world pandemic by WHO, isolation rooms have become a place that is often used to deal with pandemics. Radiological examinations or X-rays are used as a supporting examination in the diagnosis of Covid-19. So it is necessary to adjust the Covid protocol in the examination so that there is no transmission of the virus and the effects of unnecessary radiation. Isolation rooms used for radiological examinations of Covid-19 patients need to be reviewed for safety to comply with procedures. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the scattering radiation exposure in the Seruni isolation room of RSUD Kraton, Pekalongan Regency. The data in this paper were taken by measuring the amount of scatter radiation exposure in room B of the isolation room Seruni RSUD Kraton Pekalongan Regency, on February 16, 2021. This measurement was carried out with a water phantom as object with the highest exposure factor for thorax examination, namely 70 kV and 16 mAs and carried out at several points around the water phantom object with a distance of 2 meters from the source. The measurement results of scattered radiation exposure are then compared with the Dose Limit Value (NBD) for the general public of 1 mSv in one year. Analysis of the measure¬ment of scatter radiation exposure in the Seruni isolation room at Kraton Hospital, Pekalongan Regency, still experienced leaks and the exposure value exceeded tolerance. The measurement results in the hallway of the Seruni room are 676 Sv/h, in addition to the radiographer (2 meters on the left side of the phantom) it is 627.12 Sv/h, at a distance of 2 meters the right side of the phantom is 287.04 Sv/h, and a distance of 2 meters in front of the hall phantom of 676 Sv/h. The follow-up that needs to be done to optimize radiation protection is to install at least 3 scattering radiation shields.

Determination of scatter radiation to the breast during lumbosacral x-ray examination using thermoluminescence dosimeter

Objective: Exposure to ionizing radiation during radiographic examination is associated with some biological effects. The study was aimed to determine the amount of scatter radiation to the breast during lumbosacral x-ray examination. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective, cross-sectional study carried out among 60 women referred for Lumbosacral spine radiography from September 2019 to December 2019. Ethical approval was granted by the hospital ethical committee. A single-phase mobile X-ray unit was used to dispense the radiation while a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chip was used to measure the radiation dose. The TLD chip was attached to the peri-areolar region of the left breast and held in place by a transparent adhesive tape. The TLD was carefully enclosed in a black polythene sachet before and after the investigation to shield it from background radiation. After the investigation the TLD,s were sent to the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT) for reading and annealing. Results: The mean age and BMI of participants were 55.32±12.35years and 29.70±7.09kg/m2 respectively. The cumulative mean (±SD) ESD to the breast was 3.87±0.87mGy. The highest scatter radiation dose was observed in the age group 60-69 years. Pearson’s correlation showed a week correlation between age and ESD. Conclusion: The study showed that there were scatter radiations to the breast during lumbosacral X-Ray investigations which was was lowest among the age group 50-59years. No significant difference was seen between AP and lateral positions. The cancer risk was 1 in 6,000 indicating that there might be needed to shield the breast while performing lumbosacral X-ray.

A Simulation Study With Electronic Dosimeter to Estimate Patient and Personnel Dose in Orthopedic Surgery

Background: The use of mini C-arm is required in many orthopedic surgeries as an image-guided tool. Studies have shown an unnecessarily high dose to patients if exposures are not properly optimized. Also, scatter radiation to personnel may increase the risk of cancer if an appropriate protective device is not used. Objectives: This study aims to determine the patient’s dose and scatter radiation to the surgeon, anesthetist, and scrub nurse. Also, a comparison will be made with other studies on this topic. Methods: A phantom was designed to simulate a patient on the operating table to produce scatter radiation. In the same vein, a mobile mini C-arm unit was positioned with the x-ray tube beneath the head and the image receptor above the operating table. Measurements were made with a measuring tape from the central axis to the position of the surgeon, anesthetist, and scrub nurse. The Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) was determined by placing the electronic dosimeter at the surface of the phantom to estimate the patient dose. Similarly, each personnel dose/dose rate from the central axis was determined using a similar detector. Results: The total average time for most orthopedic surgeries in the studied facility was 3.3 minutes. The estimated ESD to the patient was 25.03 µSv and the scatter radiation per patient reaching the simulated anesthetist, scrub nurse, and surgeon was, 3.75, 3.59, and 7.72 µSv, respectively. The estimated dose values per year to anesthetist, scrub nurse, and surgeon were 390, 373.36, and 802 µSv, respectively. Conclusion: The personnel recommended limit dose rate was <20000 µSv/y. The technical factor used and total exposure time from this study could have affected the radiation dose. This study showed that personnel was safe even without the use of lead apron. Nevertheless, the use of an appropriate protective device should be encouraged to ensure safety.