scholarly journals Determination of scatter radiation to the breast during lumbosacral x-ray examination using thermoluminescence dosimeter

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-321
Author(s):  
Chinenye Evangeline Eyisi-Enuka ◽  
Christian Chukwuemeka Nzotta ◽  
Ebbi Donald Robinson ◽  
Akintayo Daniel Omojola ◽  
Thomas Adejoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Lumbosacral Spine ◽  
Adhesive Tape ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Scatter Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: Exposure to ionizing radiation during radiographic examination is associated with some biological effects. The study was aimed to determine the amount of scatter radiation to the breast during lumbosacral x-ray examination. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective, cross-sectional study carried out among 60 women referred for Lumbosacral spine radiography from September 2019 to December 2019. Ethical approval was granted by the hospital ethical committee. A single-phase mobile X-ray unit was used to dispense the radiation while a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chip was used to measure the radiation dose. The TLD chip was attached to the peri-areolar region of the left breast and held in place by a transparent adhesive tape. The TLD was carefully enclosed in a black polythene sachet before and after the investigation to shield it from background radiation. After the investigation the TLD,s were sent to the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT) for reading and annealing.  Results: The mean age and BMI of participants were 55.32±12.35years and 29.70±7.09kg/m2 respectively. The cumulative mean (±SD) ESD to the breast was 3.87±0.87mGy. The highest scatter radiation dose was observed in the age group 60-69 years. Pearson’s correlation showed a week correlation between age and ESD. Conclusion: The study showed that there were scatter radiations to the breast during lumbosacral X-Ray investigations which was was lowest among the age group 50-59years. No significant difference was seen between AP and lateral positions. The cancer risk was 1 in 6,000 indicating that there might be needed to shield the breast while performing lumbosacral X-ray.

scholarly journals Bismuth Pelvic X-Ray Shielding Reduces Radiation Dose Exposure in Pediatric Radiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bow Wang ◽  
Chien-Yi Ting ◽  
Cheng-Shih Lai ◽  
Yi-Shan Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Dose Exposure ◽  
Bismuth Shielding ◽  
Pediatric Radiography ◽  
Pelvic Radiography ◽  
Radiosensitive Organs ◽  
Pediatric Orthopedic

Background. Radiation using conventional X-ray is associated with exposure of radiosensitive organs and typically requires the use of protection. This study is aimed at evaluating the use of bismuth shielding for radiation protection in pediatric pelvic radiography. The effects of the anteroposterior and lateral bismuth shielding were verified by direct measurements at the anatomical position of the gonads. Methods. Radiation doses were measured using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLD) and CIRS ATOM Dosimetry Verification Phantoms. Gonad radiographs were acquired using different shields of varying material (lead, bismuth) and thickness and were compared with radiographs obtained without shielding to examine the effects on image quality and optimal reduction of radiation dose. All images were evaluated separately by three pediatric orthopedic practitioners. Results. Results showed that conventional lead gonadal shielding reduces radiation doses by 67.45%, whereas dose reduction using one layer of bismuth shielding is 76.38%. The use of two layers of bismuth shielding reduces the dose by 84.01%. Using three and four layers of bismuth shielding reduces dose by 97.33% and 99.34%, respectively. Progressively lower radiation doses can be achieved by increasing the number of bismuth layers. Images obtained using both one and two layers of bismuth shielding provided adequate diagnostic information, but those obtained using three or four layers of bismuth shielding were inadequate for diagnosis. Conclusions. Bismuth shielding reduces radiation dose exposure providing appropriate protection for children undergoing pelvic radiography. The bismuth shielding material is lighter than lead, making pediatric patients more comfortable and less apt to move, thereby avoiding repeat radiography.

scholarly journals Background Radiation Dose in Selected X-Ray Facilities in Southwest Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1299 ◽  
pp. 012103
Author(s):  
J. A. Achuka ◽  
M. R. Usikalu ◽  
M. A. Aweda ◽  
C. A. Onumejor ◽  
I. O. Babarimisa
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Southwest Nigeria

scholarly journals Determination of Radiation Dose from Routine X-ray Examination at Three Selected Hospitals in AlNajaf, Iraq

2019 ◽  
pp. 2163-2167
Author(s):  
Hussien Abid Ali Bakir ◽  
Talib Abdulridha Al-hchaimi ◽  
Aymen S. Amran ◽  
Aqeel H. Al Zurfi
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Exposure Factor ◽  
Tube Potential ◽  
Tube Current

People who undertaken different X-ray examinations are already exposed to ionizing radiation which causes biological effects. Therefore assessing the patient radiation dose is a prerequisite element in optimizing the X-ray practice and to avoid the unnecessary radiation dose. The aim of this research is to assess the skin radiation dose for those patients who undertaking routine X-ray examinations in selected three hospitals in Al Najaf city.      Three X-ray units were involved in this experimental study; these were belonging to three hospitals in Al Najaf city-Iraq, namely Al-Sadder teaching hospital, Al-Hakeem general hospital and Al-Zahraa hospital. Data of exposure parameters (tube potential (kVp), tube current (mAs) and source to detector distance (d cm)). The data were collected from 160 patients exposed to radiation during different X-ray examinations. Patients were chosen to be within adult range (>18 years) and the selection was random (male and female). Patient skin dose was calculated mathematically using an established formula depending on the recorded exposure factor (kVp, mAs and d). Different X-ray examinations were considered, namely skull Posterior –anterior (PA), skull Lateral (LAT), chest PA, chest LAT, abdomen Anterior-posterior (AP), pelvis AP, lumbar spine  AP and lumbar LAT. The average skin dose for all X-ray examinations considered in this research were as follow: 0.9, 0.76, 0.23, 0.41, 1.85, 1.82, 2.03 and 3.44 mGy, for skull PA, skull LAT, chest PA, chest LAT, abdomen AP, pelvis AP, lumbar spine(LS) AP and Lumbar spine (LS)LAT respectively. The results demonstrate that the dose values were comparable to those that were previously reported in published reference.

scholarly journals Is Induction of Anomalies in Lymphocytes of the Residents of High Background Radiation Areas Associated with Increased Cancer Risk?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3Jun) ◽  
Author(s):  
S M J Mortazavi ◽  
Gh Mortazavi ◽  
S A R Mortazavi ◽  
M Paknahad
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Chromosomal Anomalies ◽  
Natural Background ◽  
Natural Radiation ◽  
High Background ◽  
Natural Background Radiation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World

Man has been exposed to different levels of natural background radiation since the creation of human life. There are inhabited areas around the world with extraordinary levels of natural background radiation. The level of natural radiation in these areas is up to two orders of magnitude higher than other places. Areas such as Yangjiang, China; Guarapari, Brazil; and Kerala, India are among the areas with high levels of natural radiation. Ramsar a coastal city in North Iran has some inhabited areas with the highest known levels of background radiation around the world. People who live in high background radiation areas (HBRAs) such as Ramsar do not record any detrimental biological effects. While some cytogenetic studies conducted in HBRAs have shown increased frequencies of unstable chromosome aberration, other investigations failed to find a significant difference. This short review is an attempt to verify if induction of chromosomal anomalies in the lymphocytes of the residents of high background radiation areas is associated with increased cancer risk.

scholarly journals Radiation Safety in Children in Children’s Medical Center Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrzad Mehdizadeh ◽  
Nasir Babakhan Kondori ◽  
Vahid Changizi ◽  
Zahra Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Radiation Hazards ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Center Hospital ◽  
Ethical Approval

Background: Diagnostic radiology studies in children harbor more radiation hazards than in adults due to their small size and higher cellular proliferation rate. Therefore, reducing the radiation burden to children should be top priority. Measurement of radiation dose is the first step to this goal. Nevertheless, we do not know whether the radiation of portable radiographs at our hospital meets the standards or not. Objectives: This study aims at measuring the primary and scattered radiation at different distances from patients. This eventually would help us to keep the radiation to minimum. Methods: This study was conducted on 84 patients from 4 different wards (U1-U2) in our hospital in 2017. After obtaining ethical approval from ethical committee and also written consent from parents, all patients who needed portable X-ray were included in our study. A thermo-luminescent dosimeter was placed on the patient’s chest to measure the entrance surface dose (ESD), while Geiger-Muller dosimeters located at one and two-meter distances from the X-ray tube used to scale the scattered radiation. Then, data were analyzed in SPSS 16. Results: The average ESD was 0.3873, 0.3867, 0.3700, and 0.4033 millisievert (mSv) in U1 to U4 respectively, whereas the scattered radiation doses measured as 0.00986, 0.00750, 0.01250, 0.1014 at one-meter and 0.00250, 0.00220, 0.00238, 0.00314 mSv at two-meter distances. There was no significant difference in radiation dose between those units (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Radiation received by patients in this study was three to four times higher than the standard dose. Significant scattered radiation was also detected at one and two-meter distances. To reduce radiation, improvement of exposure protocols such as reducing mAs and using proper shielding is emphasized.

LOW BMI PATIENT DOSE IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Fotios O Efthymiou ◽  
Vasileios I Metaxas ◽  
Christos P Dimitroukas ◽  
George S Panayiotakis
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Digital Radiography ◽  
Diagnostic Reference Levels ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Bmi

Abstract In this study, the radiation dose received by 364 low body mass index (BMI) adult patients undergoing chest, abdomen, lumbar spine, kidneys and urinary bladder (KUB) and pelvis X-ray examinations in an X-ray room with a digital radiography system was evaluated. The patients’ kerma area product (KAP) values were recorded, and the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated based on the X-ray tube output, exposure parameters and technical data. The 75th percentiles of the distribution of ESAK and KAP values were also estimated. The dose values were compared with the corresponding values for normal patients obtained from a previous survey in our hospital, as well as with the national and UK diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). The correlation of dose values with patient size metrics (mass, height, BMI) was also investigated. A statistically significant difference was found in KAP and the ESAK values between low BMI and normal patients (Mann–Whitney test, p < 0.05), for all examinations studied. The percentage difference for chest PA, chest LAT, abdomen PA, lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine LAT, pelvis AP and KUB AP examinations was 40, 36, 48, 68, 57, 46 and 67% for median KAP and 26, 43, 52, 48, 19, 44 and 51% for median ESAK, respectively. The corresponding 75th percentiles for low BMI patients were 0.065, 0.349, 0.683, 1.54, 3.92, 1.11, 0.67 mGy and 0.042, 0.218, 0.450, 0.280, 0.598, 0.597, 0.267 Gycm2 in terms of ESAK and KAP values, respectively. They were 74–90% lower compared to the national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs), 35–84% and 58–82% compared to the UK DRLs, for ESAK and KAP values, respectively. Regarding the gender of the patients, no statistically significant difference was found in the dose values between female and male patients (Mann–Whitney test, p > 0.05), for all examinations studied. A statistically significant correlation was found between ESAK and KAP values with BMI for KUB AP, pelvis AP, lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine LAT and chest PA, while for chest LAT examinations, only the ESAK were significantly correlated with BMI. They also significantly correlated with the mass for KUB AP, lumbar spine LAT, abdomen PA and chest PA examinations, while no significant correlation was found between the dose values and patients’ height. It can be concluded that the low BMI patients received a significantly reduced radiation dose compared to normal patients. Additional studies need to be conducted for these patient groups, which could contribute to the further development of a radiation protection culture in diagnostic radiography.

scholarly journals Radiobiological risks following dentomaxillofacial imaging: should we be concerned?

2021 ◽  
pp. 20210153
Author(s):  
Niels Belmans ◽  
Anne Caroline Oenning ◽  
Benjamin Salmon ◽  
Bjorn Baselet ◽  
Kevin Tabury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Radiation Sensitivity ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Radiobiological Effects

Objectives: This review aimed to present studies that prospectively investigated biological effects in patients following diagnostic dentomaxillofacial radiology (DMFR). Methods: Literature was systematically searched to retrieve all studies assessing radiobiological effects of using X-ray imaging in the dentomaxillofacial area, with reference to radiobiological outcomes for other imaging modalities and fields. Results: There is a lot of variability in the reported radiobiological assessment methods and radiation dose measures, making comparisons of radiobiological studies challenging. Most radiological DMFR studies are focusing on genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, data for 2D dentomaxillofacial radiographs, albeit with some methodological weakness biasing the results. For CBCT, available evidence is limited and few studies include comparative data on both adults and children. Conclusions In the future, one will have to strive towards patient-specific measures by considering age, gender and other individual radiation sensitivity-related factors. Ultimately, future radioprotection strategies should build further on the concept of personalized medicine, with patient-specific optimization of the imaging protocol, based on radiobiological variables.

scholarly journals Assessment of X-Ray Tube Technical Factors: Tube Voltage and Exposure Time in Erbil Medical Imaging Centers

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 144-147
Author(s):  
Fatiheea F Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Tube Voltage ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
X Ray

Background: An evaluation of certain radiographic factors affecting patient exposure during medical imaging was carried out. Factors considered included selection of tube kilovoltage and time exposure combination. An increase in X-ray tube voltage increases the amount of radiation coming out of the X-ray tube, as well as the amount of skin dose in the image. This study aimed to assess the possibility of reducing the voltage and exposure time in medical imaging centers. The study indeed intended to protect patients from the risk of developing cancer with excessive radiation dose. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in Erbil hospitals, Iraq. NOMEX multimeter (Finland, PTW) was used to measure radiation dose (mGy), total voltage, current (mA), exposure time (s), and total filtration in 150 patients undergoing different X-ray examinations. Results: The results showed that the highest output was obtained in the age group of 42-70 years (dose range: 52.43–19.46 mGy), followed by the age group of 50-70 years (dose range: 39.9–25.63 mGy) and the age group of 10–40 years (dose range: 30.35–10.55 mGy). Conclusion: The high voltage (kVp) and high exposure time to be important factors to increase patient doses via increasing the exposure dose. Thus, optimization of exposure time and voltage is recommended for all cancer patients undergoing medical imaging with high voltage and long exposure time.

scholarly journals Investigation of Background Radiation Level Within X-ray Machine Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
F Gbaorun ◽  
D Terver
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Radiation Dose Rate ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Machine Room

In this study, a Geiger Muller ionization counter has been used to investigate the variation of background radiation dose level with time in a typical x-ray machine room and its environment. This is to monitor the effect of x-ray exposure on the background ionizing radiation level. The results showed that within a period of 3 hours, the cumulative background radiation dose in the x-ray room grew from s s Gy to around 84 . 90 ́ 10 - 10 - an initial level of 38 . 78 ́ Gy compared with nearby rooms where the s cumulative radiation grew from almost zero to a maximum value of about 46 . 9 ́ Gy within the 10 - same period. It was observed that after a radiation exposure from the machine, the background s radiation dose rate took about 25 minutes to decay from a maximum level of around 45 ́ Gy/hr to 10 - - s 17 . 47 ́ 10 the background level about Gy/hr which was found to be higher than the background dose rates in other nearby locations. While the dose rate in the x-ray machine room was higher than the s 10 - maximum dose limit of 12 ́ Gy/hr recommended for members of the public by the International Committee for Radiation Protection (ICRP), the dose rates in the other locations studied in the neighbourhood of the x-ray machine were within the limit.

scholarly journals Survey of Absorbed Dose from Chest X-Ray of Paediatric Patients in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Zedekiah Uriah Emmanuel ◽  
Michael Promise Ogolodom ◽  
Awajimjana Nathaniel Mbaba
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Paediatric Patients ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Group 1

Background: Radiation protection in paediatric radiology deserves special attention as children are supposed to be more sensitive to radiation than adults. Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the radiation doses for paediatric patients undergoing diagnostic chest X-ray examination. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey, which targeted paediatric patients of (0-10) years who were referred by their physicians for chest X-rays examination. The data used for this work were generated using a Thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) chip. One TLD chips was placed in the front of the chest to measure the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) (µGy) and another at the back of the patient directly opposite the one in front to measure the Exit Dose (ED) (µGy). Patient dose, age, ESD, ED and absorbed dose were obtained. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The mean ESD, ED and absorbed dose values were 1.8330± 1.122mGy, 1.0913± 0.7505mGy and 0.7520 ± 3.8160mGy respectively. The ED values in chest X-rays were 0.73± 0.30mGy for age group <1 year, 1.15± 0.91mGy for age group 1-5 years and 6-10 years 1.09± 0.75mGy. The ESD were 3.06 ± 1.76mGy for age group <1, 3.02± 2.04mGy for age group 1-5 years and 6-10 years 1.83± 1.12mGy. The absorbed dose values obtained were 1.88± 1.75mGy for age group <1 year, 1.88± 1.67mGy for age group 1-5 years and 0.75± 3.82mGy for age group 6-10 year. Conclusion: The values for Exit Dose, Entrance Surface Doses, and Absorbed Dose have been determined and it was found to be slightly higher than UNSCEAR values. Keywords: Children, Diagnostic reference level, Radiation.

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