Potenciales áreas cultivables de pasifloras en una región tropical considerando escenarios de cambio climático

Contextualización: El cambio climático y las actividades antrópicas sobre los recursos naturales se constituyen como los principales causantes de la pérdida de biodiversidad y la redistribución de las especies. Vacío de conocimiento: Sin embargo, los efectos a nivel de comunidades y ecosistemas, así como los impactos en cultivos agrícolas en escala regional, son poco estudiados. Los modelos de distribución de especies se han convertido, por lo tanto, en valiosas herramientas para la predicción de áreas potencialmente aptas para especies cultivables, su gestión y planificación. Propósito: Este estudio consistió en la predicción de potenciales áreas cultivables de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener), granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss), y cholupa (Passiflora maliformis L.) en una región tropical, a través del modelo MaxEnt, en escenarios de cambio climático. Metodología: Se utilizaron como datos de entrada (para el modelo MaxEnt) registros de presencia de las especies analizadas, obtenidos a partir de sus coordenadas geográficas. En total, fueron usados 141 registros de presencia de maracuyá, 256 registros de granadilla y 40 registros de cholupa, así como 12 variables bioclimáticas para las proyecciones actuales y futuras en los periodos 2050 y 2070, considerando así dos escenarios RCPs (Representative Concentration Pathways) del Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) (RCP 4.5 y RCP 8.5). Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados revelan que las potenciales áreas cultivables para las especies analizadas podrían pronosticarse a través de MaxEnt utilizando registros de presencia en campo y variables bioclimáticas. Así mismo, las simulaciones indicaron que las áreas de ocurrencia potencial para las especies analizadas podrían disminuir en el futuro dependiendo de los escenarios climáticos (RCP 4.5 y RCP 8.5) para los periodos 2050 y 2070. Para los cultivos de maracuyá, granadilla y cholupa, las mayores reducciones en las áreas de ocurrencia potencial corresponden al 23 %, 25 % y 31 % respectivamente, y se presentarían en el período 2070 en un escenario pesimista (RCP 8.5). Este es el primer estudio que pronostica las potenciales áreas cultivables de pasifloras utilizando el modelo Maxent y escenarios de cambio climático en escala regional en una región tropical. El abordaje propuesto puede proveer importantes herramientas para la gestión y aprovechamiento sostenible de las especies estudiadas.

Empfehlungen für die Charakterisierung und Benennung ausgewählter IPCC Klimaszenarien

<p>Eine zentrale Aufgabe von Klimaforschung und Klimakommunikation ist die Beschreibung möglicher Entwicklungspfade des künftigen Klimas sowie der antreibenden Kräfte. Diese Entwicklungspfade werden Klimaszenarien genannt. Klimaszenarien wiederum basieren auf Szenarien möglicher Entwicklung von Gesellschaft, Technologie und Ressourcennutzung, um daraus die resultierenden Emissionen von Treibhausgasen abzuschätzen. </p> <p>In der Nutzerkommunikation werden die Klimaszenarien des Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in der Regel mit prägnanten Namen beschrieben. Im deutschsprachigen Raum wurden in den letzten Jahren jedoch verschiedene Namen für dieselben Klimaszenarien genutzt. Dies führte oft zu Irritationen und Verwechslungen.</p> <p>Um dem entgegenzuwirken hat nun eine Arbeitsgruppe der drei deutschsprachigen Wetterdienste, Bundes- und Landeseinrichtungen und aus der Klimaforschung erstmals eine Empfehlung für eine einheitliche Benennung, Beschreibung und farbliche Kennzeichnung einer Auswahl von Klimaszenarien des IPCC vorgelegt. Dieses betrifft die Szenarien der CMIP6<sup>1</sup>-Generation die aus zwei sich gegenseitig ergänzenden Komponenten bestehen: den Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) und den Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Im speziellen hier die Szenarien SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 und SSP5-8.5. Dieses sind die Szenarien die zum einen von den Modellgruppen für Modellsimulationen genutzt wurden und oder in der politischen Diskussion regelmäßig besprochen werden.</p> <p>Dieser Beitrag stellt die Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgruppe für eine einheitliche Sprach- und Kommunikationsregelung  der fünf derzeit am häufigsten genutzten Klimaszenarien im deutschsprachigen Raum vor.</p> <p><sup>1</sup> CMIP6: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6</p>

Lorenz Atmospheric Energy Cycle in Climatic Projections

The aim of this study is to investigate whether different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), as they are determined in the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), lead to different regimes in the energetics components of the Lorenz energy cycle. The four energy forms on which this investigation is based are the zonal and eddy components of the available potential and kinetic energies. The corresponding transformations between these forms of energy are also studied. RCPs are time-dependent, consistent scenarios of concentrations of radiatively active gases and particles. In the present study, four RCPs are explored, namely, rcp26, rcp45, rcp60, rcp85; these represent projections (for the future period 2006–2100) that result in radiative forcing of approximately 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 Wm−2 at year 2100, respectively, relative to pre-industrial conditions. The results are presented in terms of time projections of the energetics components from 2020 to 2100 and show that the different RCPs yield diverse energetics regimes, consequently impacting the Lorenz energy cycle. In this respect, projections under different RCPs of the Lorenz energy cycle are presented.

Evaluation de deux méthodes de correction de biais des sorties de modèles climatiques régionaux Cordex-Africa pour la prévision des pluies : cas du bassin côtier oranais

Ce travail vise à évaluer les pluies simulées issues des sorties de modèles climatiques régionaux Cordex-Africa dans le bassin côtier oranais en Algérie. Pour cela les simulations du modèle RCA4 (Rossby Centre Atmosphere model, version 4) forcé par deux modèles de circulation globale (MPI-ESM-LR et CNRM-CM5) sous deux scenarios de forçages radiatifs «Representative Concentration Pathways» (RCPs) RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5 sont comparées aux pluies observées au niveau de cinq stations pluviométriques, au cours de la période de contrôle 1981–2005 à l'échelle mensuelle. Les données futures simulées sont ensuite corrigées à l'aide de deux méthodes de correction de biais, à savoir, la méthode quantile-quantile et la méthode Delta, afin de mieux analyser leur évolution au cours de la période de projection 2075–2099. Les coefficients d'échange estimés au cours de la période 2075–2099 montrent que les simulations corrigées par la méthode Delta sont moins biaisées que les simulations corrigées par la méthode quantile-quantile. L'analyse de l'évolution future des pluies met en évidence une réduction de −12 % à −38 % d'ici la fin du 21ème siècle selon le RCP 4.5. Cette réduction qui est encore plus importante selon le scénario pessimiste RCP 8.5, risque d'affecter la disponibilité des ressources en eau dans la région qui a connu par le passé une période de sècheresse sévère et persistante. Enfin, cette étude peut être utilisée comme outil d'aide à la décision destiné aux parties prenantes de la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau et de l'agriculture. Néanmoins, pour une meilleure appréciation des impacts socio-économiques, une étude plus approfondie en considérant plusieurs modèles climatiques et d'autres paramètres climatiques, est recommandée.

Climate Change Projections of Dry and Wet Events in Iberia Based on the WASP-Index

The Weighted Anomaly of Standardized Precipitation Index (WASP-Index) was computed over Iberia for three monthly timescales (3-month, 6-month and 12-month) in 1961–2020, based on an observational gridded precipitation dataset (E-OBS), and between 2021 and 2070, based on bias-corrected precipitation generated by a six-member climate model ensemble from EURO-CORDEX, under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The area-mean values revealed an upward trend in the frequency of occurrence of intermediate-to-severe dry events over Iberia, which will be strengthened in the future, particularly for the 12-month WASP (12m-WASP) intermediate dry events under RCP8.5. Besides, the number of 3-month WASP (3m-WASP) intermediate-to-severe wet events is projected to increase (mostly the severest events under RCP4.5) but no evidence was found for an increase in the number of more persistent 12m-WASP wet events under both RCPs. Despite important spatial heterogeneities, an increase/decrease of the intensity, duration and frequency of occurrence of the 12m-WASP intermediate-to-severe dry/wet events was found under both scenarios, mainly in the southernmost regions of Iberia (mainly Comunidad Valenciana, Región de Murcia, Andalucía in Spain, Alentejo, and Algarve in Portugal), thus becoming more exposed to prolonged and severe droughts in the future. This finding corroborates the results of previous studies.

Analysis of Climate Change Projections for Mozambique under the Representative Concentration Pathways

Despite having contributed the least to global warming and having the lowest emissions, the African region is the most vulnerable continent to climate change impacts. To reduce the levels of risk arising from climate change, it is mandatory to combine both mitigation and adaptation. While mitigation can reduce global warming, not all impacts can be avoided. Therefore, adaptation is essential to advance strategic interventions and reduce the impacts. As part of the international effort to cope with changing climate, a set of Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) domains have been established worldwide. The CORDEX-Africa initiative has been developed to analyze downscaled regional climate data over the African domain for climate data analysis techniques and engage users of climate information in both sector-specific and region/space-based applications. This study takes outputs of high-resolution climate multi-models from the CORDEX-Africa initiative constructed at a spatial resolution of 50 km to assess climate change projections over Mozambique. Projected spatial and temporal changes (three 30-year time periods, the present (2011-2040), mid (2041-2070), and the end (2071-2100)) in temperature and precipitation under the Representative Concentration Pathways RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 are analyzed and compared relative to the baseline period (1961-1990). Results show that there is a tendency toward an increase in annual temperature as we move toward the middle and end of the century, mainly for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. This is evident for the Gaza Province, north of the Tete Province, and parts of Niassa Province, where variations will be Tmax (0.92 to 4.73 °C), Tmin (1.12 to 4.85 °C), and Tmean (0.99 to 4.7 °C). In contrast, the coastal region will experience less variation (values < 0.5 °C to 3 °C). At the seasonal scale, the pattern of temperature change does not differ from that of the annual scale. The JJA and SON seasons present the largest variations in temperature compared with DJF and MAM seasons. The increase in temperature may reach 4.47 °C in DJF, 4.59 °C in MAM, 5.04 °C in JJA, and 5.25 °C in SON. Precipitation shows substantial spatial and temporal variations, both in annual and seasonal scales. The northern coastal zone region shows a reduction in precipitation, while the entire southern region, with the exception of the coastal part, shows an increase up to 40% and up to 50% in some parts of the central and northern regions, in future climates for all periods under the three reference scenarios. At the seasonal scale (DJF and MAM), the precipitation in much of Mozambique shows above average precipitation with an increase up to more than 40% under the three scenarios. In contrast, during the JJA season, the three scenarios show a decrease in precipitation. Notably, the interior part will have the largest decrease, reaching a variation of -60% over most of the Gaza, Tete, and Niassa Provinces.

Approaching Sea-Level Rise (SLR) Change: Strengthening Local Responses to Sea-Level Rise and Coping with Climate Change in Northern Mozambique

Mean sea-level is expected to rise significantly by 2100 in all scenarios, including those compatible with the objectives of the Paris Climate Agreement. Global sea level rise projections indicate devastating implications for populations, ecosystem services and biodiversity. The implications of the sea-level rise (SLR) on low-lying islands and coastal regions and communities are substantial and require deep-rooted coping measures. In the absence of adequate responses for coping, Mozambique is expected to record huge losses, with an impact on the economy and development in many sectors of its coastal regions mainly in northern Mozambique. This research aimed to perform projections on SLR in Mozambique, and to understand its role and implications on the north coast of the country. SLR was estimated through the analysis of model outputs that support the global estimates of the fifth IPCC report near the Mozambican coast, for each of the four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) scenarios. Regional coastline retreat and coastal erosion were estimated through the results of global sandy coastlines projections developed by Vousdoukas. Mean sea-level rise projections indicate that regional estimates for the Mozambican coast are relative higher than global estimates (~0.05 m) for all representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Yet, we highlight significant differences in sea-level rises of 0.5 m, 0.7 m or 1.0 m by 2100 compared to the global mean. It is expected that with the increase in the mean sea level in the northern part of the Mozambican coast, erosive effects will increase, as well as the retreat of the coastline until 2100. With this, the tourism sector, settlements, ecosystem services and local populations are expected to be significantly affected by 2050, with increased threats in 2100 (RCP4.5, RCP8.5). Local responses for coping are proposed and properly discussed for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios through 2100.