Share of Discontinuities in the Ozone Concentration Data from Three Reanalyses

Ozone is a very important trace gas in the stratosphere and, thus, we need to know its time evolution over the globe. However, ground-based measurements are rare, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, and while satellite observations provide broader spatial coverage generally, they are not available everywhere. On the other hand, reanalysis data have regular spatial and temporal structure, which is beneficial for trend analysis, but temporal discontinuities might exist in the data. These discontinuities may influence the results of trend studies. The aim of this paper is to detect discontinuities in ozone data of the following reanalyses: MERRA-2, ERA-5 and JRA-55 with the help of the Pettitt, the Buishand, and the Standard Normal Homogeneity tests above the 500 hPa level. The share of discontinuities varies from 30% to 70% and they are strongly layer dependent. The share of discontinuities is the lowest for JRA-55. Differences between reanalyses were found to be larger than differences between homogeneity tests within one reanalysis. Another aim of this paper is to test the ability of homogeneity tests to detect the discontinuities in 2004 and 2015, when changes in versions of satellite data took place. We showed the discontinuities in 2004 are better detected than those in 2015.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI HAND SANITIZER SPRAY EKSTRAK BUAH BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi L)

The tendency of society at this time to return to nature (Back to nature) is by using plants as treatment. The use of star fruit as the main ingredient in the manufacture of a hand sanitizer spray on the basis of star fruit has flavonoid compounds that have the potential as antibacterial. Hand sanitizer spray is made into 3 formulas with a concentration ratio of F1 (10%), F2 (12%), and F3 (15%). Each formula was subjected to physical tests in the form of organoleptic tests, pH tests, homogeneity tests and freeze and thaw stability tests for 6 storage cycles at 4°C and 40°C. The organoleptic results showed that the preparation did not change during four weeks of storage. On examination, the pH of the preparation decreased for F1 with a pH of 5.25 to 4.88; F2 with a pH of 5.14 becomes 4.77, and F3 with a pH of 4.87 becomes 4.60 but this value is still included in the specified range. The homogeneity of the preparations F1, F2, and F3 was only homogeneous in the first week and for the stability of the preparations F1, F2 and F3 were only stable in cycle 1 and cycle 2.

Factors Influencing Selection of E-Business Among SME Entrepreneurs in Malaysia

This chapter aims to establish the present understanding and commonality with the variables that affect e-business allocation. The model was tried with 200 Malaysian respondents as an example. The questionnaires were distributed to SME business visionaries in a variety of sectors. Additionally, a role connection for the extent of exposure to e-business appropriation was constructed. Data analysis was undertaken using various perspectives, ordinary tests, homogeneity tests, relationship tests, ANOVA, multicollinearity, and study estimation techniques, including chi-square. The findings indicated that each of the quantifiable variables had an effect on SMEs entrepreneurs' decision to engage in e-commerce.

Long-Term Homogeneity and Trends of Hydroclimatic Variables in Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia

Understanding long-term trends in hydroclimatic variables is important for future sustainable water resource management as it could show the possible regime shifts in hydrology. The main objective of this study was to analyze the homogeneity and trends of hydroclimatic data of Upper Awash Sab-Basin (UASB) in Oromia, Ethiopia, by employing homogeneity tests and Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope tests. The data consist of 18 rainfall stations, 8 temperature stations, and 8 flow gauging stations across the UASB. Homogeneity and trends in streamflow, rainfall, and temperature variables were analyzed for the time period 1980 to 2017. In order to analyze homogeneity of hydroclimatic variables, we used four homogeneity tests (Pettitt’s test, Buishand’s test, standard normal homogeneity test, and von Neumann ratio test) at 5% significance level. Based on the outputs of four homogeneity tests, the results were classified into three categories, namely, “useful,” “doubtful,” and “suspect” to select the homogeneity stations. Mann-Kendall (Z) and Sen’s slope tests (Q) were applied for the selected homogeneous time series to detect the trend and magnitude of changes in hydroclimatic variables. The result showed that most of the stations in annual rainfall and streamflow data series were classified as useful. It is found that 58% of the rainfall stations were homogeneous. It is highlighted that 3 out of 8 discharge gauging stations have an inhomogeneity as they failed from one or a combination of the four tests. The MK revealed significant decreasing trends of annual rainfall in Addis Alem (Q = −19.81), Akaki (Q = −5.60), Hombole (Q = −9.49), and Ghinch (Q = −12.38) stations. The trend of annual temperature was a significant increasing trend in Addis Ababa Bole (Q = 0.05), Addis Ababa Tikur Ambessa (Q = 0.03), Tulu Bolo (Q = 0.07), and Addis Alem (Q = 0.06) stations. The results of discharge showed a significant increasing trend in Bega at Mojo (Q = 0.17) and Hombole (Q = 0.03) gauging stations. In general, the results obtained from discharge, rainfall, and temperature series indicated that most of the stations exhibited no trends in both annual and seasonal time series. It can be concluded that decreases in average annual rainfall totals and increases in mean annual temperature will probably drive sub-basin scale changes in discharge. We believe that the results obtained can fill information gaps on homogeneity and trends of hydroclimatic variables, which is very crucial for future water resource planning and management in the face of climate change.

A probability model of three potential precursors during tornado occurrences: the Italian case.

<p>57 tornadoes with intensity Enhanced Fujita Scale 2 or larger that occurred in Italy in the period 2000–2018 are analysed in order to investigate the way two meteorological parameters, namely Wind Shear, calculated in 0-1 km and 0-6 km layers, and CAPE, affect their development. For this purpose, a statistical analysis, by means of homogeneity tests, conditional probabilities and a multivariate analysis via copulas is performed, using two different re-analysis datasets (ERA-Interim and ERA-5). The study indicates that: (a) tornadoes occur mostly in correspondence with positive anomalies of both variables; (b) probability of occurrence is correlated with WS, and (c) is maximum when either WS or CAPE are large. Also, the probability does not increase significantly with CAPE, although sufficiently large values are needed for tornado occurrence. These results are similar for both re-analyses we used and suggest that the selected parameters are reliable precursors for Italian tornadoes.</p>