Effects of different extraction methods on the extraction yield, degradation of bixin and formation of harmful volatile compounds in the extracts from annatto seeds

Annatto is one of the most common natural colorants used in the food industry. However, the degradation of bixin (principle colour component) during the manufacturing and storage of annatto leads to the formation of undesirable volatile compounds which are harmful to human health. The aim of this study was to reduce the amount of undesirable volatile compounds while remain a sufficient extraction yield of bixin in annatto extracts. Bixin from annatto seeds was extracted using soybean oil at 120°C, sodium hydroxide solution at 50°C and acetone with a Soxhlet extractor. The extraction yield and the degradation of bixin in annatto extracts during the extraction processes were investigated and the formation of harmful volatile compounds including toluene and m-xylene in the extracts was analysed using a gas chromatography (GC) system equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). The extraction with acetone resulted in the highest bixin yield, followed by extraction with sodium hydroxide. Bixin extraction yield of the extraction with soybean oil was the lowest and decreased gradually after 40 mins of the extraction. Losses of bixin by the extractions with acetone and sodium hydroxide were low while the extraction with soybean oil caused significant degradation of bixin. All three methods produced negligible amounts of toluene. However, the concentration of m-xylene in the acetone extracts was very high and remained unchanged during the extraction while sodium hydroxide extract contained a low level of this compound. Thus, the extraction method using sodium hydroxide solution is recommended for recovering pigment from annatto seeds to minimize the risk of harmful volatile compounds in annatto products.

Technology development of fatty acids obtaining from soapstok using saponification

The processing of oil refining waste is essential from economic and environmental points of view. An important issue is the processing of soapstock to extract fatty acids, which are raw materials for various industries. The two-stage method of fatty acids obtaining from soapstock using saponification with sodium hydroxide solution and decomposition with sulfuric acid is investigated. The peculiarity of the work is the study of the influence of soapstock saponification conditions on the key efficiency indicators of fatty acid extraction: yield and neutralization number. A sample of soapstock was obtained as a result of alkaline neutralization of sunflower oil. Soapstock quality corresponds to DSTU 5033 (CAS 68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 68.5 %, fatty acids – 62.6 %, neutral fat – 5.9 %. Rational saponification conditions were determined: duration (85 min.) and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (45 %). After saponification, the soapstock was subjected to decomposition with sulfuric acid under the following conditions: temperature 90 °C, duration 40 min. Under the rational saponification conditions, the yield of fatty acids (91.8 %) and the neutralization number (187.1 mg KOH/g) were determined. The obtained fatty acids correspond to the first-grade fatty acids according to DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7). Acid indicators: mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances – 1.5 %, mass fraction of total fat – 98.0 %, cleavage depth – 69.2 % oleic acid. The use of the soapstock saponification stage before decomposition leads to an improvement in the quality indicators and an increase in the neutralization number of fatty acids by 4 %, yield – by 16.2 %. The results of the study make it possible to produce fatty acids from soapstock by two-stage technology with high yield and neutralization number

Contamination of environmental objects with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in industrial pig farm and measures to control them

The purpose of the research is to study the contamination of environmental objects with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in industrial pig farm; desinfection against exogenous stages of Cryptosporidium spp. using Kenocox.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on the basis of an industrial pig breeding complex in the Cherepovets district of the Vologda region in a pigsty for 120 heads, divided into 2 sectors, as well as in a pigsty for weaning pigs and a fattening pigsty for 1500 and 2000 heads respectively. For this, scrapings were taken from the floors of the pens, walkways, and walls of feeders and examined them for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. Then, in the nursery after transferring the piglets to the rearing section, desinfection was carried out. One sector was treated with Kenocox at a dose of 0.5 L per 1 m2 with an exposure of 2 hours, the other sector – with a hot 4% sodium hydroxide solution at a rate of 1 L per 1 m2 with an exposure of 3 hours. One day after the treatment, the oocyst contamination of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental objects in both sectors was re-examined.Results and discussion. The highest contamination of environmental objects with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (floors and walls of pens, feeders, floors of aisles) was found in the brood pigsty, where all the examined objects were contaminated to varying degrees (19.4%). With an increase in the age of piglets and their transfer to pigsties for weaners, and later on for rearing, there is a decrease in the contamination of the premises in which these age groups of animals are kept (10.0 and 2.5% respectively). With the desinfection of the queen-shed, as the most contaminated by oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. from the pig-breeding premises we examined, a significant effect was achieved with the use of Kenocox. Sodium hydroxide solution was found to be ineffective against Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts.

New response to sexual characteristics

Prof. Bernatsky (Doctor. Gaz., 1924, No. 18) describes a new specific reaction to the sexual characteristics of plant and animal tissues. 1/4 of the timing is taken. test tissue, crushed in a mortar, placed in a small test tube ("port-fleur"), 1 cube of site is poured, a mixture of equal parts of 0.582% sodium hydroxide solution and 0.816% potassium hydroxide solution, the mixture is thoroughly mixed with a glass rod, and 1 a drop of a color indicator consisting of 2 hours of alcohol (95-96 ) 1% dalpy solution, 1 hour. one

To the treatment of stomach ulcers

Glssner and Lewy (Arch, f Verdauimgskr., 1923, B. XXXI. H. ) offer a very simple way to treat stomach ulcers by prescribing 4% sodium hydroxide solution after 2 hours with a daily dose of 400 cubic meters. sant.