scholarly journals Technology development of fatty acids obtaining from soapstok using saponification

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6 (113)) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Natalia Sytnik ◽  
Ekaterina Kunitsia ◽  
Viktoriia Kalyna ◽  
Olena Petukhova ◽  
Kostiantyn Ostapov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Total Fat

The processing of oil refining waste is essential from economic and environmental points of view. An important issue is the processing of soapstock to extract fatty acids, which are raw materials for various industries. The two-stage method of fatty acids obtaining from soapstock using saponification with sodium hydroxide solution and decomposition with sulfuric acid is investigated. The peculiarity of the work is the study of the influence of soapstock saponification conditions on the key efficiency indicators of fatty acid extraction: yield and neutralization number. A sample of soapstock was obtained as a result of alkaline neutralization of sunflower oil. Soapstock quality corresponds to DSTU 5033 (CAS 68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 68.5 %, fatty acids – 62.6 %, neutral fat – 5.9 %. Rational saponification conditions were determined: duration (85 min.) and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (45 %). After saponification, the soapstock was subjected to decomposition with sulfuric acid under the following conditions: temperature 90 °C, duration 40 min. Under the rational saponification conditions, the yield of fatty acids (91.8 %) and the neutralization number (187.1 mg KOH/g) were determined. The obtained fatty acids correspond to the first-grade fatty acids according to DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7). Acid indicators: mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances – 1.5 %, mass fraction of total fat – 98.0 %, cleavage depth – 69.2 % oleic acid. The use of the soapstock saponification stage before decomposition leads to an improvement in the quality indicators and an increase in the neutralization number of fatty acids by 4 %, yield – by 16.2 %. The results of the study make it possible to produce fatty acids from soapstock by two-stage technology with high yield and neutralization number

scholarly journals Development of soapstock processing technology to ensure waste-free and safe production

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10 (114)) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Kalyna ◽  
Vitalii Koshulko ◽  
Olha Ilinska ◽  
Natalia Tverdokhliebova ◽  
Oksana Tolstousova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Total Fat

Soapstock is a large-tonnage waste of the oil and fat industry, the disposal of which is environmentally hazardous. Processing of soapstock into industrially valuable products, in particular, fatty acids, is promising. The method for producing fatty acids, which consists in sequential saponification of soapstock with sodium hydroxide solution, salting out with sodium chloride and decomposition with sulfuric acid solution has been investigated. The feature of this work is the study of the effect of salting out conditions of saponified soapstock on the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids. As an experimental sample, sunflower soapstock was used, the indicators of which correspond to DSTU 5033 (CAS 68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 67.3 %, fatty acids – 61.8 %, neutral fat – 5.5 %. Soapstock was subjected to preliminary saponification under the following conditions: duration 85 min., concentration of sodium hydroxide solution 45 %. After that, the saponified mass was subjected to salting out. The obtained core soap was decomposed with the sulfuric acid solution under the following conditions: temperature 90 °C, duration 40 min. Rational salting out conditions were determined: duration (80 min.) and sodium chloride concentration (16%). Under these conditions, the fatty acid yield is 95.0 %, the neutralization number is 194.8 mg KOH/g. The resulting fatty acids comply with DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7): the mass fraction of moisture and volatiles is 0.85 %, the mass fraction of total fat is 98.9 %, cleavage depth is 94.2 % oleic acid. This method of soapstock processing increases the fatty acid yield by 3.5 % compared to the method with saponification and decomposition, by 20.3 % compared to the method of soapstock decomposition with sulfuric acid. At the same time, the neutralization number increases by 4.1 % and 8.2 %, respectively. The improved method for fatty acids producing from soapstock provides high- quality fatty acids with increased yield.

scholarly journals Rational conditions of fatty acids obtaining by soapstock treatment with sulfuric acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6(112)) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Natalia Sytnik ◽  
Ekaterina Kunitsia ◽  
Viktoria Mazaeva ◽  
Viktoriia Kalyna ◽  
Andrii Chernukha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Total Fat

As a result of alkaline neutralization of oils, a significant amount of soapstock is formed, the utilization of which creates an environmental and economic problem. The production of fatty acids from soapstock using sulfuric acid decomposition is investigated in this work. The peculiarity of the work is the determination of regression dependences of the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids on the soapstock processing conditions: temperature and duration. Soapstock obtained after neutralization of sunflower oil was used as raw material. Soapstock indicators: mass fraction of moisture – 15.4 %, total fat – 71.9 %, fatty acids – 64.5 %, neutral fat – 7.4 %. Rational conditions of soapstock processing are determined: temperature (90–95) °С, duration 40 min. Under these conditions, the fatty acid yield is 79.0 %, the neutralization number is 180.0 mg KOH/g. Quality indicators of the obtained fatty acids: mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances – 1.8 %, mass fraction of total fat – 97.0 %, cleavage depth – 64.5 % of oleic acid, the presence of mineral acids – no. Fatty acids correspond to fatty acids of the first grade according to DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7). An increase in the temperature and duration of soapstock contact with sulfuric acid increases the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids. This is due to a decrease in the viscosity of the reaction medium, an increase in the depth of cleavage of soapstock soaps with sulfuric acid, an increase in the intensity and duration of mass transfer. The developed rational conditions allow obtaining fatty acids from soapstock, which correspond in composition to fatty acids from refined deodorized sunflower oil. The results allow solving a number of economic and environmental problems associated with soapstock utilization and can be implemented in oil refineries and fatty acid production

Microwave Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stalks for L-Lactic Acid Production

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 712-715
Author(s):  
Xue Xin Yang ◽  
Gui Zhen Fang
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Yield Ratio ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Dilute Sodium Hydroxide

Glucose production from pretreated corn stalks by cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase was investigated and compared with no pretreatment, as a reference. The corn stalks were pretreated with microwave, sulfuric acid hydrolysis and dilute sodium hydroxide solution hydrolysis respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis experiments were carried out at 50°C, 50 g/l dry matter (DM) solid substrate concentration and 15 filter paper unit (IU)/g DM of a commercial cellulase. Fermentable sugar was able to be produced from all the pretreated corn stalks with an overall yield of 29-58% of the maximum theoretical yield, based on the glucan available in the solid and liquid substrate. The corn stalks pretreated with dilute acid had the best glucose yield as 58.09% followed by the corn stalks pretreated with acid and microwave with an overall yield of 57.02% with 15 IU/g DM of cellulase. Glucose was the main product with enzymatic hydrolysis yield ratio 38.89%in the dilute sulfuric acid pretreated corn stalks, while with enzymatic hydrolysis yield ratio 51.07%in the dilute sodium hydroxide solution and microwave pretreated corn stalks under enzymatic hydrolysis conditions. These advantages, along with their negative price, make these solids a valuable raw material for L-lactic acid production.

scholarly journals A Study on the Production Process Control ofZanthoxylum bungeanumMaxim Seed Kernel Oil withoutTrans-Fatty Acids

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zhongyi Yin ◽  
Shiyong Yao ◽  
Lixia Guo ◽  
Xuxu Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Process Control ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Seed Kernel ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Zanthoxylum Bungeanum

The process control of the production ofZanthoxylum bungeanumMaxim seed kernel oil (ZSKO) with notrans-fatty acids (TFAs) was investigated. Results revealed that drying temperature and time had a small effect on TFA formation in ZSKO. And high concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution had some effect on TFA formation in ZKSO, but there were no TFAs when the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution was lower than 20% and even at boiling temperature for one hour. The roasting temperature and duration forZanthoxylum bungeanumMaxim seed (ZS) should be properly controlled at 100°C for six hours or 150°C for two hours. ZS, which has a moisture content of 18%, was pressed four times (two hours) at less than 60°C, and ZSKO was obtained by collection through centrifuge separation. This contained 90.84% unsaturated fatty acids, which mainly include 32.49%  α-linolenic acid, 29.88% linoleic acid, and 27.52% oleic acids; and there was no TFA. Its acidic value and peroxide value conformed to China standards for edible oil. Therefore, ZKSO could be used as a healthy food for further development.

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