Tragedy, Modernity and Political Life

What are the links between tragedy, politics and modernity? Diverse currents in social and critical theory have tackled this question; some arguing that modernity has itself a tragic structure insofar as its promises are undermined by their own realisation, others that the diversity of worldviews (the ‘warring Gods’ referred to by Max Weber) has tragic—because un-reconcilable—form. After briefly reviewing some of these issues, the paper looks more specifically at tragic structure in relation to (European) modernity and political reason. The French Terror has unique significance in this context, signalling as it does the failure of any kind of political rationality that seeks to take unmediated, universal form. The consequences of this failure are also, in a way, tragic in so far as they involve contradictions and irresolvable dilemmas of ongoing, everyday political existence. As a result—and perhaps this should itself be seen as much in terms of tragedy as triumphalism—our modernity condemns us to liberalism.

Post-election political government partnerships in the Republic of Moldova: between desiderates and realities

The article examines some topics regarding the establishment, functionality and viability of the twelve governing coalitions that alternated in the Republic of Moldova in 1994– 2020. Particular attention is paid to the issue of forming a governing post-election parliamentary majority, based on political reason and substantial procedural consensus. The latter presupposes agreement on a set of procedures when taking decisions of common interest. It is concluded that the convergence of elites (coalition, alliance, partnership and other political collaboration arrangements for respecting the democratic political game) is a way of working of political elites and involves, in fact, a substantial transformation of unconsolidated democracy into a functioning, consolidated democracy.

Competitive Jurisdictions of Local Administration Authorities and Notaries for the Certification Purposes in Montenegro

With the adoption of the new Law on Certification of Signatures, Manuscripts and Transcripts the Montenegrin legislator did not take into account the fact of introducing the notary services into the legal system of Montenegro. Unlike most of the comparative legislations, certification of signatures, transcripts and manuscripts have not been transferred to the exclusive competence of notaries, but a competitive competence of notaries, local administration authorities and the courts in carrying out these assignments has been retained. Further retention of competitive jurisdiction in this matter is not justified any more. The analysis of this decision has shown that it leads to an unequal position, depending on the authority before which the certification is performed, whereas the obligations and professional competences of officials and notaries are different. Notarial certifications contribute to greater legal certainty and besides are more available to the citizens and not more expensive. Parallel jurisdiction is not a standard of notarial services in European continental law which has adopted the Latin model of notary as a independent profession having public authorities. This solution does not lead to building a legal certainty, protection of public interest and relieving the work of courts and administrative authorities, which has been the underlying legal political reason for introducing notariat.

Literary Parody of Russian Communism Harmonizing to George Orwell's Two Novels "Animal Farm" and "Nineteen Eighty Four"

This Paper concerns within one of the foremost critical viewpoints in literature, where the metaphorical and mocking centrality of ‘Animal Farm’ and ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four' by George Orwell is highlighted, Through 'Animal Farm' and 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' Orwell by implication assaults Russian communism, Orwell combines political reason with a creative one to voice his critical conviction. Orwell utilized parody to grant more impact and understanding of his two books. Parody in Literature constitutes one of the viable literary strategies writers utilize in their stories to assault an individual, a thought, or behaviour that they think awful or silly. An essayist in parody employments an anecdotal character, which stands for genuine individuals to uncover and condemn their debasement, the analyst takes after the descriptive-analytic strategy. Animal Farm is ostensibly an animal story, but deep down it is a moral story, a parody around the Russian Revolution of 1917 with wrong qualities of course battle. To a few degrees, Nineteen Eighty-Four moreover centres on the concepts of the free venture and person flexibility, which don't really exist. There as it were remains a world of scorn. Segregation, and fear as superpowers. Eurasia and East Asia are two superpowers and Oceania, the third one, is continuously at war with one of them. By using political parody within the two books, the writer makes a consul and curiously air that influences progressing the plot in arrange to provide a clear understanding and improving its structure. In arrange to connect the investigate questions and the discoveries, a nitty-gritty clarification on the concept of the parody has been displayed as a curiously literary method; something else, peruses would not discover a relationship between the two works. At long last, Orwell actually succeeds in encoding his knead within the shape of a parody and hence peruses associated with him.

Dinamika Terjemahan Al-Qur’an Bebas Bersajak dalam Bahasa Aceh: Apresiasi Karya Tgk. H. Mahjiddin Jusuf

This article would like to discuss the work of the poetic Al-Qur’an translation in Acehnese, authored by Tgk. H. Mahjiddin Jusuf (1918-1994). This poetic translation firstly began in 1955 when the translator was in jail (due to the political reason), then it was temporarily stopped for some reasons, until it finally was completed in 1988, with the original translated text written using the Arabic Jawoe script (Malay). Regardless of its contoversy or even still be debated about the translation of the Al-Qur'an poetically, as shown through the work of translation of the Qur'an that had existed in Indonesia before, the work of Tgk. H. Mahjiddin Jusuf which written in Acehnese, has helped maintaining the depth of the Acehnese language. Through library studies, this article would like further elaborates on the variety and style of poetic translation of the Al-Qur'an in the Acehnese language, the translation model adopted and its contribution to the translation of the Al-Qur'an in the archipelago. This article concludes that although this translation uses tarjamah tafsīriyyah model with ijmālī pattern, such method is more appropriate, because it is easyly to understand especially for Acehnese readers, because it has adapted to the socio-cultural nature of Acehnese society.ABSTRAKArtikel ini mendiskusikan karya terjemahan Al-Qur’an bebas bersajak dalam bahasa Aceh yang ditulis oleh Tgk. H. Mahjiddin Jusuf (1918-1994). Terjemahan berbentuk sajak ini mulai digarap sejak tahun 1955 ketika penulisnya berada dalam tahanan (akibat politik), kemudian sempat terhenti beberapa lama pengerjaannya, hingga akhirnya berhasil dirampungkan secara lengkap pada tahun 1988, dengan naskah asli penerjemahan yang ditulis menggunakan aksara Arab Jawoe (Melayu) dalam bentuk bait bersajak. Sekalipun penerjemahan Al-Qur’an secara puitis atau bersajak tidak lepas dari silang pendapat dan kontroversi sebagaimana karya terjemahan Al-Qur’an puitis yang pernah ada di Indonesia sebelumnya, namun karya Tgk. H. Mahjiddin Jusuf yang ditulis dalam bahasa Aceh ini telah membantu merawat kedalaman bahasa Aceh. Melalui penelusuran studi kepustakaan, artikel ini mengelaborasi lebih jauh ragam dan langgam penerjemahan Al-Qur’an bersajak dalam bahasa Aceh, model penerjemahan yang ditempuh serta kontribusinya dalam penerjemahan Al-Qur’an di nusantara. Artikel ini berkesimpulan bahwa sekalipun penerjemahan ini memakai pola tarjamah tafsīriyyah secara ijmālī, metode demikian dirasa lebih tepat, karena mudah memahamkannya kepada pembaca berbahasa Aceh, sebab sedikit banyak mengalami penyesuaian dengan sosio-kultural masyarakat Aceh.

The Historicity of Materialism and the Critique of Politics

This chapter proposes one definition of critical materialism and a critique of politics based on several authors from Marx to Foucault. This critique occurs in several stages and unfolds as a criticism of universals such as human freedom, general interest, political rationality, or reconciled political community. The decisive materialist-historical question, then, is which of the different materialities is dominant at a certain point of time. I argue that Marx condemns politics as an illusion. He thought of ‘political reason’ as a form of ‘spiritualism’. Hence, critical materialism argues for a move away from the illusion of politics.

The importance of Pierre Bourdieu today. On consent to misery

This article reflects on the crisis of political reason in this heyday of populistic rhetoric, proposing to move beyond the erroneous dichotomy between ?democratic reason? and ?raging passions,? and the demo-phobia that often derives from it. We propose instead to follow Bourdieu?s footsteps in bringing our attention to the forms of impermeability that fracture our contemporary political and social life, establishing the conditions of possibility of the reasonable and the unreasonable. What marks contemporary political passions as particularly dangerous is their impermeability to the lessons of our historical past, to the moral condemnation of the political instrumentalization of difference and to the sacred character of fundamental principles. This hermeneutical gap, however, is later explained by a more fundamental analysis of the problem of contemporary impermeability, one which operates as a reversal of the dichotomy between political reason and passion. It is no longer the electorate, seduced by the sirens of populism, which is impermeable to the voice of political reason; it is, instead, this very reason, embodied by the elites who claim to recognize themselves in its values and principles, which has become impermeable to the ?conditions of non-existence? in which a considerable part of the population lives. If there is a problem of contemporary impermeability, or imperturbability, it is that of a political discourse that has lost touch with ?all the misery of the world?.

PRISON BY HUMAN RIGHTS’ LENS AND COVID19 PANDEMIC – THE BRAZILIAN CRISIS

From the eighteenth century, prison was raised to the main response of Criminal law. This happened for a political reason, namely the creation of State. In this context, incorporations that the ideologies and characteristics of later centuries brought to prison entail an aporia. To face this crisis, Human rights has produced minimum criteria that should guide the actions of States. The COVID19 pandemic caused urgency of segment of these criteria and the Brazilian case is brought up as an example of failures of most UN member states.

Stewardship and Shareholder Engagement in Germany

Corporate stewardship holds great promise for the improvement of shareholder engagement and the encouragement of more responsible and long-term oriented value creation. This is particularly true since the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Many countries have long adopted a best practice code for the stewardship role of institutional investors and asset managers, but Germany has so far refused to follow that trend. This paper explores the reasons for this reluctance, as well as whether the adoption of a Stewardship Code would still make sense in the regulatory framework of Germany today. Despite the increased presence of shareholder engagement (and even activism), several reasons may be put forward for why lawmakers have refused to adopt a stewardship code. This paper argues that the main political reason for this reluctance lies in the limited geographical reach of such a code, which would primarily be restricted to the (limited) domestic fund industry and would thus be unable to prescribe any meaningful principles to foreign-based asset managers. Still, I argue that the adoption of a code in the German context may make sense, for example to define expectations and to clarify the obligations of investee companies. Most importantly, it would benefit domestic investors that are typically ‘home biased’ and thereby frequently disproportionately invested in domestic funds.