Research on Hydrogen Consumption and Driving Range of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle under the CLTC-P Condition

Hydrogen consumption and mileage are important economic indicators of fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen consumption is the fundamental reason that restricts mileage. Since there are few quantitative studies on hydrogen consumption during actual vehicle operation, the high cost of hydrogen consumption in outdoor testing makes it impossible to guarantee the accuracy of the test. Therefore, this study puts forward a test method based on the hydrogen consumption of fuel cell vehicles under CLTC-P operating conditions to test the hydrogen consumption of fuel cell vehicles per 100 km. Finally, the experiment shows that the mileage calculated by hydrogen consumption has a higher consistency with the actual mileage. Based on this hydrogen consumption test method, the hydrogen consumption can be accurately measured, and the test time and cost can be effectively reduced.

Comparison of the Accelerated and Spontaneous Deactivation of the HDS Catalyst

Owing to the increased use of secondary materials for diesel production, refineries must confront bad quality parameters. Therefore, catalysts with certain capabilities (to remove heteroatoms and improve quality parameters at low hydrogen consumption) and their lifetimes are required. An important parameter that influences the quality of the products and the economy of the unit is the activity of the catalyst. Prior to industrial use, the catalyst is typically tested in a pilot unit. This is necessary to obtain a considerable amount of data on the lifetime of the catalyst in the shortest feasible time. Here, deactivation steps were used to test the catalyst. Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of two types of accelerated deactivations on the catalyst activity and product properties. The first type of deactivation proceeded for 6 h and comprised a tripling of the amount of incoming feedstock, and the second type proceeded for 18 h without an increase in the amount of feedstock. For both cases, the pressure and hydrogen flow were minimised. Both types of accelerated deactivations had similar effects on the quality of the final products and catalyst. The only difference was in the duration of catalyst recovery after deactivation. The results were compared with those of a test in which the spontaneous deactivation of the catalyst was studied.

Research on Economic and Operating Characteristics of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cars Based on Real Vehicle Tests

With the increase of the requirement for the economy of vehicles and the strengthening of the concept of environmental protection, the development of future vehicles will develop in the direction of high efficiency and cleanliness, and the current power system of vehicles based on traditional fossil fuels will gradually transition to hybrid power. As an essential technological direction for new energy vehicles, the development of fuel cell passenger vehicles is of great significance in reducing transportation carbon emissions, stabilizing energy supply, and maintaining the sustainable development of the automotive industry. To study the fuel economy of a passenger car with the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) during the operating phase, two typical PEMFC passenger cars, test vehicles A and B, were compared and analyzed. The hydrogen consumption and hydrogen emission under two operating conditions, namely the different steady-state power and the Chinese Vehicle Driving Conditions-Passenger Car cycle, were tested. The test results show the actual hydrogen consumption rates of vehicle A and vehicle B are 9.77 g/kM and 8.28 g/kM, respectively. The average hydrogen emission rates for vehicle A and vehicle B are 1.56 g/(kW·h) and 5.40 g/(kW·h), respectively. By comparing the hydrogen purge valve opening time ratio, the differences between test vehicles A and B in control strategy, hydrogen consumption, and emission rate are analyzed. This study will provide reference data for China to study the economics of the operational phase of PEMFC vehicles.

Novel Fuzzy Control Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering State of Health

Due to the low efficiency and high pollution of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, the fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles are expected to play a key role in the future of clean energy transportation attributed to the long driving range, short hydrogen refueling time and environmental advantages. The development of energy management strategies has an important impact on the economy and durability, but most strategies ignore the aging of fuel cells and the corresponding impact on hydrogen consumption. In this paper, a rule-based fuzzy control strategy is proposed based on the constructed data-driven online estimation model of fuel cell health. Then, a genetic algorithm is used to optimize this fuzzy controller, where the objective function is designed to consider both the economy and durability by combining the hydrogen consumption cost and the degradation cost characterized by the fuel cell health status. Considering that the rule-based strategy is more sensitive to operating conditions, this paper uses an artificial neural network for predictive control. The results are compared with those obtained from the genetic algorithm optimized fuzzy controller and are found to be very similar, where the prediction accuracy is assessed using MAPE, RMSE and 10-fold cross-validation. Experiments show that the developed strategy has a good generalization capability for variable driving cycles.

Influence of Pressure on Product Composition and Hydrogen Consumption in Hydrotreating of Gas Oil and Rapeseed Oil Blends over a NiMo Catalyst

This study describes the co-hydrotreating of mixtures of rapeseed oil (0–20 wt%) with a petroleum feedstock consisting of 90 wt% of straight run gas oil and 10 wt% of light cycle oil. The hydrotreating was carried out in a laboratory flow reactor using a sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst at a temperature of 345 °C, the pressure of 4.0 and 8.0 MPa, a weight hourly space velocity of 1.0 h−1 and hydrogen to feedstock ratio of 230 m3∙m−3. All the liquid products met the EU diesel fuel specifications for the sulfur content (<10 mg∙kg−1). The content of aromatics in the products was very low due to the high hydrogenation activity of the catalyst and the total conversion of the rapeseed oil into saturated hydrocarbons. The addition of a depressant did not affect the cold filter plugging point of the products. The larger content of n-C17 than n-C18 alkanes suggested that the hydrodecarboxylation and hydrodecarbonylation reactions were preferred over the hydrodeoxygenation of the rapeseed oil. The hydrogen consumption increased with increasing pressure and the hydrogen consumption for the rapeseed oil conversion was higher when compared to the hydrotreating of the petroleum feedstock.

Energy management strategy based on dynamic programming with durability extension for fuel cell hybrid tramway

This paper proposes an energy management strategy for a fuel cell (FC) hybrid power system based on dynamic programming and state machine strategy, which takes into account the durability of the FC and the hydrogen consumption of the system. The strategy first uses the principle of dynamic programming to solve the optimal power distribution between the FC and supercapacitor (SC), and then uses the optimization results of dynamic programming to update the threshold values in each state of the finite state machine to realize real-time management of the output power of the FC and SC. An FC/SC hybrid tramway simulation platform is established based on RT-LAB real-time simulator. The compared results verify that the proposed EMS can improve the durability of the FC, increase its working time in the high-efficiency range, effectively reduce the hydrogen consumption, and keep the state of charge in an ideal range.