Identificación de ecto y endoparásitos en palomas domésticas (Columba livia) del área urbana de Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia

Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de parásitos internos y externos en palomas comunes (Columba livia) del área urbana de la ciudad de Villavicencio, Meta, durante la transición verano a invierno del año 2017. Materiales y Métodos. Se capturaron 72 palomas de tres comunas de la ciudad y sometidas a inspección visual para parásitos externos, a la vez se obtuvo muestras de material fecal para análisis coprológico mediante el método de Sheather’s. Se realizaron frotis con las muestras de sangre y tinción con Giemsa para agentes hemotrópicos. Resultados. En el 100% de las muestras se encontraron dos especies de parásitos externos: piojos malófagos (Columbicola columbae) y mosca de paloma (Pseudolynchia canariensis). Dentro de los parásitos internos se encontraron dos protozoarios: Haemoproteus spp. 26.5% (9/34) en frotis sanguíneo y Eimeria spp. 36% (26/72) en heces, seguido de los nematodos: Ascaridia spp. 4.2% (3/72) y Capillaria spp. 13.8% (10/72) y cestodos: Raillietina spp. 1.38% (1/72). No se encontró asociación del parasitismo con el sexo de la paloma o la comuna de muestreo. Conclusiones. La presencia de parásitos internos fue baja, excepto para Eimeria spp., estos datos representan información importante del riesgo potencial para la salud animal y humana, especialmente para poblaciones comerciales de aves y la avifauna nativa. Estos resultados indican que se requieren programas sanitarios y de control en las poblaciones de palomas de la ciudad.

Study on Diseases Prevalence in the Selected Area's Emphasis on Parasitic Diseases of Pigeon

This experiment was carried out to determine the overall prevalence of pigeon diseases and especially emphasized on prevalence of parasitic diseases in study areas. During this study 45 farms were selected which have >20 pair of pigeon for commercial and >10 pair pigeon for traditional farm in the three study area namely Rajshahi, Natore and Pabna district of Bangladesh. The data were collected from different farm within the study area through a questionnaire and interview schedule with the farm owners. During one year of study period a total Out of 3677 pigeon, positive case in cage of external parasites were 722 and internal parasite positives 114 from 263 fecal sample. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal and external parasites in pigeon at northern Bangladesh is obtained. The infestation of lice Columbaecula columbae and fly Pseudolynchia canariensis were observed 18.08% and 1.55% respectively. The present study found two species of ectoparasites lice and fly. Diversity of ectoparasite in birds infestation may be depend on many factors, which may include home range, behavior, size and roosting habit of the host. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in pigeon are founded that 43.34% in research area. Specific incidence was 22.81% in Ascariasis, 18.63% in Capilariasis and 1.90% in Raillietina parasite in pigeon. Ascaridia colombae is one of the most common (22.81%) helminth species in pigeons in this study. The effect of breed of pigeon observed in present studies the highest in indigenous (63.47%) and lowest exotic (36%) prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite was observed. The specific percentages of Ascariasis, Capilariasis and Raillatina gastrointestinal parasites of pigeon were found 20% & 31.74%; 14% & 30.15% and 2% & 1.58% in exotic & indigenous breed, respectively. In the present study, there is a relation between the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections with the age of the pigeons which showed that high prevalence in adults (50%) and compare to young (22.22%). but it was statistically significant (P>0.05). In relation with farming system the gastrointestinal parasitic incidence of pigeon was observed in modern and tradition farming system, the highest incidence was 71.16% in traditional & lowest 31.14% in modern farming. When observed specifically in Ascariasis, Capillariasis & Raillietina were 16.39% & 37.41%; 13.11% & 31.25% and 1.63% & 2.5% in modern & traditional, respectively. The effect of regions on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in pigeon was observed in Pabna (68.32%), Natore (57.84%) and Rajshahi (33.33%). The specific percentages of Ascariasis, Capilariasis and Raillatina gastrointestinal parasites of pigeon were 18.18%, 33.33% & 26.31%; 14.54%, 33.33% & 23.38% and 0.606%, 1.66% & 7.89% in Rajshahi, Pabna and Natore, respectively.

Fauna of louse-flies (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) of the south-east of the Central Black soil region of Russia

В результате проведенных в 1990-2019 годах исследований выявлено 13 видов мух-кровососок. Из них 9 видов паразитируют на птицах: Crataerina hirundinis (L., 1758), Crataerina pallidа (Olivier, 1812), Ornithomya avicularia (L., 1758), Ornithomya fringillina Curtis, 1836, Ornithomya chloropus Bergroth, 1901, Ornithoica turdi (Olivier, 1811), Ornithophila metallica (Schiner, 1864), Pseudolynchia canariensis (Mcq., 1840), Icosta ardeae (Mcq., 1935) (подсемейство Ornithomyinae) и 4 вида - Hippobosca equina L., 1758, Hippobosca longipennis F., 1805 (подсемейство Hippoboscinae), Lipoptena cervi (L., 1758) и Melophagus ovinus (L., 1758) (подсемейство Lipopteninae) - на млекопитающих. Десять видов - C. hirundinis, C. pallidа, O. avicularia, O. fringillina, O. chloropus, P. canariensis, H. equina, H. longipennis, L. cervi и M. ovinus - осуществляют жизненный цикл на территории Воронежской области. Остальные виды, по-видимому, привносятся птицами с весенними перелетами и отмечаются ежегодно в апреле-мае на птицах; пупарии их обнаружены не были. Преобладающими видами кровососок птиц в регионе являются O. avicularia (42,29%), O. fringillina (29,57%) и C. hirundinis (12,56%). Среди кровососок, паразитирующих на млекопитающих, массовым видом является L. cervi. M. ovinus, C. hirundinis и C. pallidа - моноксенные виды, I. ardeae, P. canariensis, L. cervi, H. equina и H. longipennis - олигоксенные, остальные - поликсенные. Имаго наиболее широко распространенных видов - O. avicularia, O. fringillina, C. pallida, и C. hirundinis - имеют пик активности в мае-июле, приходящийся на прилет птиц, насиживание и выкармливание птенцов. Однако C. hirundinis при позднем отлете хозяев отмечается и в августе-сентябре. Массовый вид - L. cervi - обычен в сентябре-октябре During research in 1999-2020, 13 species of the louse-flies were identified in the south-east of the Central Black Soil Region of Russia. The flies were collected on 22 bird species and 7 mammal species. Nine species of loose flies - Crataerina hirundinis (L., 1758), Crataerina pallidа (Olivier, 1812), Ornithomya avicularia (L., 1758), Ornithomya fringillina Curtis, 1836, Ornithomya chloropus Bergroth, 1901, Ornithoica turdi (Olivier, 1811), Ornithophila metallica (Schiner, 1864), Pseudolynchia canariensis (Mcq., 1840), Icosta ardeae (Mcq., 1835) (подсемейство Ornithomyinae) - are parasites of birds while 4 species - Hippobosca equina L., 1758, Hippobosca longipennis F., 1805 (подсемейство Hippoboscinae), Lipoptena cervi (L., 1758) и Melophagus ovinus (L., 1758) (подсемейство Lipopteninae) - feed on blood of mammals. P. canariensis was found in the region for the first time. Ten species of Hippoboscidae - C. hirundinis, C. pallida, O. avicularia, O. fringillina, O. chloropus, P. canariensis, H. equina, H. longipennis, L. cervi, and M. ovinus - reproduce and carry out their life cycles in Voronezh Region. The rest species - Icosta ardeae, Ornithoica turdi, and Ornithophila metallica, are introduced into the region by migratory birds. The predominant species were O. avicularia (42,29%), O. fringillina (29,57%), C. hirundinis (12,56%). Among parasites of mammals, L. cervi is a mass and wide spread species in the region. M. ovinus, Crataerina hirundinis, and Crataerina pallidа - monoxenous, P. canariensis, Icosta ardeae, L. cervi, H. equina, and H. longipennis - olygoxenous, while the rest of the species were polyxenous parasites of birds. All louse-flies species were found on birds and their nestlings in April-May, however C. hirundinis was also common on the second nestlings in August-September. Mass species, L. cervi, is usual in September-October.

Defining host range: host–parasite compatibility during the non-infective phase of the parasite also matters

Host range and parasite specificity determine key epidemiological, ecological and evolutionary aspects of host–parasite interactions. Parasites are usually classified as generalists or specialists based on the number of hosts they feed on. Yet, the requirements of the various stages of a parasite may influence the suitability of a given host species. Here, we investigate the generalist nature of three common ectoparasites (the dipteran Carnus hemapterus and two species of louse flies, Pseudolynchia canariensis and Ornithophila metallica), exploiting two avian host species (the European roller Coracias garrulus and the Rock pigeon Columba livia), that frequently occupy the same breeding sites. We explore the prevalence and abundance of both the infective and the puparial stages of the ectoparasites in both host species. Strong preferences of Pseudolynchia canariensis for pigeons and of Carnus hemapterus for rollers were found. Moderate prevalence of Ornithophila metallica was found in rollers but this louse fly avoided pigeons. In some cases, the infestation patterns observed for imagoes and puparia were consistent whereas in other cases host preferences inferred from imagoes differed from the ones suggested by puparia. We propose that the adult stages of these ectoparasites are more specialist than reported and that the requirements of non-infective stages can restrict the effective host range of some parasites.

Louse flies (Hippoboscidae: Diptera) on diurnal (Falconiformes) and nocturnal (Strigiformes) birds of prey from Palearctic

The purpose of the research: the study of the species composition of louse flies in diurnal (Falconiformes) and nocturnal (Strigiformes) birds of prey from Palearctic. Materials and methods. The material was collected during ornithological research on stationary plots of lands of Moscow and Moscow Region, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. In 1997-2016 we examined six species of diurnal (Falconiformes) and seven species of nocturnal (Strigiformes) birds of prey, which are collected from 224 individuals of 4 species of louse flies. Results and discussion. 224 flies on diurnal (Falconiformes) and nocturnal (Strigiformes) birds of prey from Palearctic were determined. Four species of louse flies were registered: Ornithomyia avicularia (61,11 %), O. fringillina (29,03 %), Pseudolynchia canariensis (1 %), O. chloropus (0,1 %). O. avicularia was recorded in 18 species of Palearctic raptors. O. fringillina was observed on 5 of 26 species Palearctic raptors. P. canariensis was registered on 7 of 26; O. chloropus on 12 of 26 species of birds of prey. The greatest species diversity of louse flies (7 species: Ornithoica unicolor, Ornithomya avicularia, O. chloropus, O. fringillina, Ornithoctona auslatras, Pseudolynchia canariensis, P. garzettae) were found on the Eurasian Sparrowhawk (obligate ornitofag), on Goshawk - 3 species of keds (Ornithoica unicolor, Ornithomya avicularia, O. chloropus).

The phoresy of the louse Mallophaga on the population of the louse-fly Hippoboscidae

Objective of research: To study the role of phoresy of the louse Mallophaga on the population of the louse-fly Hippoboscidae. Material and methods: In 1997–2015 more than 10000 birds were caught; from them about 2000 louse-flies Hippoboscidae were collected and studied. Results and discussion: 12 cases of phoresy of the louse Mallophaga on the louse-fly Hippoboscidae were recorded: 7 cases of phoresy of Columbicola columbae on pigeon louse flies Pseudolynchia canariensis collected from pigeons (Columba livia); one case — phoresy of the louse Ricinus rubeculae on the louse fly Orniyhomyia fringillina from the robin (Erithacus rubecula); one case — phoresy of the louse on the louse fly O. avicularia from the rook (Corvus frugilegus); one — phoresy of the louse on louse fly O. avicularia from the cuckoo (Cuculus canorus); one — phoresy of the louse on the louse fly Ornithoica turdi from the nightingale (Luscinia luscinia); one case — phoresy of the louse on the louse fly O. chloropus from Luscinia svecica.