The Forgotten Labour of Craft

Over the last decade, firms positioning themselves as craft or artisanal have proliferated in the urban environments of the Global North. Selling themselves as community hubs, friendly neighbours, anticorporate crusaders, and environmental stewards, craft industries – craft breweries, artisanal bakeries, heritage clothing manufacturers, and the like – have effectively insulated themselves from critique. Hidden beneath this veneer, however, are the accounts of countless workers detailing experiences of harassment, overwork, low pay, and discrimination. Motivated by the methodological orientation of workers’ inquiry, this article recounts attitudes and experiences offered by craftworkers and craftspeople about their working conditions, motivations, and attempts to organize in craft industries, particularly craft brewing. Worker testimony reveals a profound disconnect between the optimistic industrial mythologies offered up by craft discourse and the rigid hierarchies, unequal division of labour, and toxic cultures many observed in their workplaces. Contrary to the pervasive artisanal allure that motivates many workers to seek out work in craft brewing and similar industries, the research presented here also suggests new levels of working-class consciousness and solidarity emerging in these industries and profiles attempts by craft brewery workers to organize their workplaces and fight to improve conditions. Au cours de la dernière décennie, les entreprises se positionnant comme artisanales ont proliféré dans les environnements urbains du Nord mondial. Se propageant comme des centres communautaires, des voisins amicaux, des militants qui luttent contre les entreprises et des gardiens de l’environnement, les industries artisanales – brasseries, boulangeries, fabricants de vêtements patrimoniaux, etc. – se sont efficacement isolées de la critique. Cachés sous ce vernis, cependant, se trouvent les récits d’innombrables travailleurs détaillant leur expérience de harcèlement, de surmenage, de bas salaire et de discrimination. Motivé par l’orientation méthodologique de l’enquête ouvrière, cet article raconte l’attitude et l’expérience offertes par les artisans sur leurs conditions de travail, leurs motivations et leurs tentatives d’organisation dans les industries artisanales, en particulier l’artisanat brassicole. Le témoignage des travailleurs révèle une profonde déconnexion entre les mythologies industrielles optimistes offertes par le discours artisanal et les hiérarchies rigides, la division inégale du travail et les cultures toxiques que beaucoup observent sur leur lieu de travail. Contrairement à l’attrait artisanal omniprésent qui motive de nombreux travailleurs à chercher du travail dans la brasserie artisanale et les industries similaires, la recherche présentée ici suggère également de nouveaux niveaux de conscience et de solidarité de la classe ouvrière émergeant dans ces industries et décrit les tentatives des travailleurs des brasseries artisanales d’organiser leur lieu de travail et lutter pour améliorer les conditions.

Pengaruh Pembagian Kerja Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja: Studi Kasus pada Pegawai di Perum DAMRI Bandung

The background of this research is based on the phenomenon where the placement of employees hasn’t been adjusted to the skills and educational background. In addition, the unequal division of labor causes productivity to decrease, resulting in an attitude of dissatisfaction shown by employees. This study aims to analyze the effect of the division of labor on employee job satisfaction. This study uses a quantitative approach to explanatory survey methods with a sample of 101 respondents who are employees of the Perum DAMRI Bandung office. Data processing was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 24. In this study, it was found that the division of labor was in the sufficient category and the job satisfaction was in a good category. The results of this study there’s a positive and significant influence on the division of labor on job satisfaction of Perum DAMRI Bandung employees with an influence value of 24.4%.

American Heterosexual Young Adults’ Reasoning about their Expectations for Future Household Labor Participation

Despite being egalitarian, heterosexual young adults, especially women, predict a gendered division in their future household. The present study investigated 178 American heterosexual young adults’ (M = 20.56, 88.20% European American, 51% ciswomen) ideal and expected future household labor participation, their social attitudes and their justifications for their expectations. Participants were on average egalitarian in their attitudes and reasoning. Across the sample, gender norm reasoning was positively associated with expecting an unequal division, while equality reasoning was associated with expecting an equal division. A final model in which reasoning and attitudes were both included found that only being male and employing equality justifications was positively predictive of expecting an egalitarian division. The present study highlights the value of going beyond social attitudes and turning to investigating young adults’ underlying reasoning for understanding why gender (in)equality is expected and potentially perpetuated despite egalitarian ideals.

Improved Seagull Optimization Algorithm Combined with an Unequal Division Method to Solve Dynamic Optimization Problems

The numerical solution of the dynamic optimization problem is often sought for chemical processes, but the discretization of control variables is a difficult problem. Firstly, based on the analysis of the seagull optimization algorithm, this paper introduces the cognitive part in the process of a seagull’s attack behavior to make the group approach the best position. Secondly, the algorithm adds the mechanism of natural selection, where the fitness value is used to sort the population, and the best half is used to replace the worst half, so as to find out the optimal solution. Finally, the improved seagull optimization algorithm (ISOA) is combined with the unequal division method to solve dynamic optimization problems. The feasibility of the method is verified by three practical examples of dynamic optimization in chemical industry.

Fairness Perceptions of the Division of Household Labor: Housework and Childcare

An unequal division of housework has been found to be often regarded as fair, which may explain why women still do most household labor. This study extends previous research by also investigating childcare—an increasingly important part of household labor, which is likely to have a different meaning than housework. It examines how perceptions of fairness for both housework and childcare are influenced by the division of housework, childcare, and paid labor, and whether patterns differ by gender. Data from the Netherlands (men: N = 462; women: N = 638) show that unequal divisions of housework, and especially childcare, are often perceived as fair. When it comes to how an increasingly unequal household labor division is related to unfairness, associations are stronger for women than for men. Fairness of the household labor division is evaluated in relation to total workload and not in isolation from other types of labor.

Sprache – Macht – Schule

This article reflects on how language can be a hegemonic practice, as illustrated by the term linguicism. This linguistic discrimination is used to legitimate an unequal division of power and needs to be tackled through decolonial approaches. Switzerland has an offcial tradition of multilingualism, yet people in Switzerland experience discrimination depending on the languages they speak. Pupils in Switzerland are increasingly multilingual but, given their transnational family backgrounds, not always in an offcial Swiss language. Pupils and teachers perceive and value languages differently, often at a subconscious level. Where pupils speak a prestigious language, their language skills are more highly valued. If multilingualism is coupled with a language of migration, a negative connotation occurs and students experience linguicism.