Maskulinitas sebagai Tonggak Keempat dalam Kajian Feminisme Hubungan Internasional

International relations as an academic field of study has a reputation for being masculine, violent, aggressive, or even brutal because of its focus on power projections and the state as the main actor. His academic and practical discussions rarely discuss issues related to other matters outside of defense, military, and state power, such as issues of gender equality or social welfare that have international and transnational dimensions. This paper criticizes the conception of masculinity which has been the heart of various schools of thought in international relations through the lens of feminism. This paper will explore more deeply the approaches and main ideas in the concept of masculinity and international relations, by focusing on the ideas promoted by the realism and constructivism paradigms. These ideas will then be contested with the concepts narrated by feminists in international relations. After reviewing the masculinity approach, this paper will also attempt to map the consensus between the feminist approach and the traditional notion of international relations regarding the concept of masculinity.

Prophetic Subjectivity in Later Levinas

This paper explores how Levinas redefines the traditional notion of prophecy shifting the emphasis from the content of prophecy to the figure of the prophet, thus making prophetic inspiration a key feature of ethical subjectivity. The principal aim of the paper is to analyse the resulting triangular structure involving God and the Other. This structure is inherently unstable because God is incessantly stepping back in kenotic withdrawal. I show how this fundamental instability is reflected in the structure of the phenomenalisation of God’s glory, the structure of obedience to God’s order, and the structure of the authorship of prophecy. The prophetic experience is marked by heterogeneity; it can never be completely appropriated. Responsibility for the Other brings the subject to light as a witness of the glory of the Infinite, but not as the subject of selfidentification.

Orphan Classes, Chameleon Stems, Ghost Controllers, Adverbial Classes, and Versatile Relativizers in Jóola Fóoñi (Atlantic)

The traditional approach to Niger-Congo gender systems conflates the number markers of nouns and the gender-number markers of adnominals and pronouns into a single category of ‘class markers’. Using Jóola Fóoñi as an illustration, this paper discusses several types of phenomena commonly found in these systems that are problematic for the traditional notion of noun class and support the necessity of a revision of the conceptual and terminological framework commonly used in the description of Niger-Congo gender systems.

Paris Embraces Modern Art – But Not in Court: Opinion on the Cour d’Appel de Paris Decision – Jeff Koons v Franck Davidovici

In February 2021 the Paris Court of Appeal (Cour d’appel de Paris) rendered a decision against the US artist Jeff Koons, holding that he had infringed copyright relating to an advertisement photography that was more than 30 years old. Jeff Koons is famous for his Neo-pop Appropriation art – kitsch for some, a provocative breach with the traditional notion of art for others. It was not the first time Koons has had to defend his work in court. The French decision is particularly interesting, however, as it shows a very narrow understanding of the copyright exceptions. It is an illustrative example of the issues resulting from CJEU’s approach in Pelham, Spiegel Online and Funke Medien, where the Court held that once the recognisability of original elements has been established, the only way out of the infringement leads through the formal exceptions and limitations of the InfoSoc Directive. Based on the decision, I will reflect on the openness of copyright for art-specific forms of referencing and in particular analyse the subject matter and scope of the parody exception and contrast it with less formal approaches to consider new creative elements. I will also analyse the question of applicable law in internet cases.

The Return of Medium Specificity Claims and the Evaluation of the Moving Image

This chapter reviews the traditional notion of medium specificity and its relevance to evaluation, along with recent revivals of the thesis in the work of Berys Gaut and Dominic Lopes. The chapter criticizes various versions of the medium specificity thesis – both past and present -- and offers an alternative approach to the evaluation of moving images.

On the relationship between middles and passives

Previous studies using diachronic data from the Sejong Historical Corpus have traced the semantic extension of voice marker -eci from middle to passive uses (e.g. Ahn & Yap 2017). In this study, based on data from the Sejong Contemporary Spoken Corpus, we further examine the relationship between middle and passive uses of -eci constructions, with special attention to the neutralization of adversative readings that give rise to generalized (in addition to adversative) middle and passive -eci constructions. Our analysis reveals that judgments about adversative readings in Contemporary Korean are not emergent solely from the semantics of the verb or adjective preceding -eci but additionally are emergent and grounded in the interaction between discourse participants. The distributional characteristics of -eci also show a strong interaction between voice and tense-aspect-mood (tam). There is also some interaction effects from register and text type/genre, particularly in the usage frequency distribution of spontaneous and passive -eci constructions. In addition, contrary to the traditional notion that -eci is essentially a passive marker, in real usage, -eci is still far more frequently used as a middle marker than a passive marker.

Modules Reconsidered

In recent decades, neuroscience has challenged the orthodox account of the modular mind. One way of meeting this challenge has been to go for increasingly “soft” versions of modularity, and one version in particular, the “system” view, is so soft that it promises to meet practically any challenge neuroscience can throw at it. But an account of the mind that tells us that the mind can do different things, even interesting things, is not itself necessarily an interesting account. This chapter considers afresh what ought to be regarded as the sine qua non of modularity, and offers a few arguments against the view that an insipid “system” module could be the legitimate successor of the traditional notion.

Friendship, Uncertainty, and “Commonplacing” in Renaissance Florence

In fifteenth-century Florence, friendship—or the client–patron relationship, as contemporaries termed it—was often associated with uncertainties and risks. An investigation of diaries, notebooks, and letter correspondences of the time, from the perspective of game theory and decision theory, reveals how Florentines reasoned about the uncertainties of friendship, deploying an array of knowledge-constructing practices, under the rubric of “commonplacing,” to understand it. The preventive techniques that Florentines applied to cope with the conflicting testimonies of the contemporary information culture (the increase in the variety and the availability of vernacular texts, the expansion of literacy, etc.) only served to intensify their predicament. The fact that clients and patrons largely viewed their relationship in the same way challenges the traditional notion of that relationship as asymmetrical.

"Bordar é um verbo destinatário": o gesto e o avesso do poema

Based on reflections that have emerged in contemporary criticism, elaborating transformations and questioning the meanings and limits of the traditional notion of literature, it is intended to act, mapping, in the Brazilian production of the present, other spaces for the creation and insertion of literature, new textualities emergencies, poetry in particular, and its unfolding as poetry outside itself. Attention to the gesture, and to its reverse, also lead us to think how the circuits of poetry, today, are crossed by other manual forms, as is the case of embroidery and installations, which, in an increasingly latent way , have been incorporating the written word: from the mantle of Arthur Bispo do Rosário, through the voiles of José Leonilson, to the pennants of Julia Panadés. The trajectory, here, is not linear and much less finished: the constellation starts from what they read, from the way they incorporated their readings into their works, and how they are read, in Penelope’s endless gesture, when performing, by day, the sewing the shroud, to undo it at night, leaving us with the arduous and continuous task of writing and reading, successively and infinitely.

Machina Ex Machina Artificially Intelligent Systems as Inventors under Polish Legal Framework

Not only do advanced artificially intelligent (AI) systems play an increasingly important role in modern society, but they also significantly enhance industrial and economic development. AI systems are already capable of generating outputs, which, had they been created by humans, would be eligible for patent protection. Polish patent regime has yet to determine how it will address inventive computational results. This paper aims at addressing a question whether AI-generated outputs can be considered patentable inventions under Polish legal framework and if so, who would be recognized as the inventor. The author draws conclusions de lege lata and briefly outlines de lege ferenda observations. The author argues that vesting the inventor status in one of the persons who contributed to the AI-generated result offers a reasonable incentive to actors involved in the innovation process and, at the same time, leaving aside vexed problem of computational personhood, does not undermine established legal paradigms, in particular the traditional notion of human creator (inventor).