Solvent-Free Desulfurization System to Produce Low-Sulfur Diesel Using Hybrid Monovacant Keggin-Type Catalyst

Two quaternary ammonium catalysts based on the monovacant polyoxotungstate ([PW11O39]7−, abbreviated as PW11) were prepared and characterized. The desulfurization performances of the PW11-based hybrids (of tetrabutylammonium and trimethyloctadecylammonium, abbreviated as TBA[PW11] and ODA[PW11], respectively), the corresponding potassium salt (K7PW11O39, abbreviated as KPW11) and the peroxo-compound (TBA-PO4[WO(O2)2], abbreviated as TBA[PW4]) were compared as catalysts for the oxidative desulfurization of a multicomponent model diesel (2000 ppm S). The oxidative desulfurization studies (ODS) were performed using solvent-free systems and aqueous H2O2 as oxidant. The nature of the cation in the PW11 catalyst showed to have an important influence on the catalytic performance. In fact, the PW11-hybrid catalysts showed higher catalytic efficiency than the peroxo-compound TBA[PW4], known as Venturello compound. TBA[PW11] revealed a remarkable desulfurization performance with 96.5% of sulfur compounds removed in the first 130 min. The reusability and stability of the catalyst were also investigated for ten consecutive ODS cycles without loss of activity. A treated clean diesel could be recovered without sulfur compounds by performing a final liquid/liquid extraction diesel/EtOH:H2O mixture (1:1) after the catalytic oxidative step.

Consideration-Constrained Engineering Design for Strategic Insights

Consumer behavior can be modeled using a decision-making process termed “consideration” in which consumers form requirements, “consideration rules,” in order to narrow their options for further evaluation. One type of consideration rule is the conjunctive rule, where a consumer makes a list of requirements and a product must meet all of the requirements in order to be considered for purchase, such as “the vehicle must get 25 miles per gallon or more”; “it must be priced at $22,000 or less”; and “it must be a standard-sized sedan.” This paper offers a design framework for linking these consideration rules with design. We demonstrate the use of our framework with a case study, namely the Volkswagen (VW) “clean diesel” scandal, which investigates the design strategies used in response to the scandal by capturing considerations within the marketing product planning subproblem and assuring engineering feasibility within the engineering design subproblem.

DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC TECHNOLOGIES OF PRODUSING HIGH QUALITY CLEAN DIESEL FUEL

The researches related to the development of the best composition and production of environmentally friendly diesel fuel, compliance with the EURO-5 and EURO-6 class, by introducing antiwear additives into the base hydrotreated fuel were conducted. The analysis of modern assumptions to the use in Russia of anti-wear additives of domestic and foreign manufacturers, such manufacturers as Clariant, BASF, Infinéum, JSC "AZKiOС" and others was carried out, and also the main results of efficiency of use of additives for diesel fuel are considered. The synthesis of antiwear additives and antioxidant additives from plant raw materials through the process of transesterification was carried out, as well as the technology of obtaining nitrogen and oxygen-containing compounds with surface active properties was developed. The optimal technological processes of the transesterification process (time, temperature, rate, ratio of raw materials) were revealed. The effect of the obtained bioadditives on the operational and low-temperature properties of hydrotreated diesel fuel was studied. Analysis of the positive effect of additives on lubricating properties of fuel showed that the diameter of the wear spot is reduced by a factor of 4, the amount of harmful emissions (carbon oxides, dispersed particles, volatile organic compounds and hydrocarbons) is reduced by more than 30 times. Also, a decrease in the pour point and change in the cetane number was observed, depending on the composition of the bioadditives (in some cases, the cetane number decreased and ceased to meet the requirements of the standard for diesel fuel GOST R 52368, while others, on the contrary, increased). A distinctive feature of this type of fuel is the maintenance of the minimum amount of gray in your composition, and at the same time compliance with all requirements of GOST. For citation: Kondrasheva N.K., Eremeeva A.М., Nelkenbaum K.S. Development of domestic technologies of produsing high quality clean diesel fuel. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 9-10. P. 76-82