Analysis on Combined Heat and Power and Combined Heat and Power Hybrid Systems for Unconventional Drilling Operations

The United States (U.S.) has experienced a natural gas “boom” due to the development of unconventional shale plays, but well development is energy intensive. Operations use electric drilling rigs typically powered by either three high-horsepower diesel engines (HHPDE) or three dedicated natural gas engines (DNGE) and associated generators. From a first law analysis, HHPDEs peak at about 42% efficient at full load, while DNGE peak at about 30%. Most fuel energy is lost as heat rejected by the exhaust and radiators. Concurrently, during cold seasonsor or in cold regions rigs utilize boilers to provide steam throughout the rig to prevent freezing and provide comfort. Our analysis focused on a combined heat power (CHP) approach to improve the utilization factor (UF) of fossil energy consumed during unconventional drilling operations. Engine activity, boiler fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperatures were recorded during winter drilling of an entire well in the Marcellus shale. Four characteristic activity cycles were extracted from recorded activity to represent four energy consumption scenarios. Exhaust and jacket water heat exchangers (E-HEX, JW-HEX) were designed and simulated, and results were analyzed in 0-D models for the four case scenarios. A 584-kWh hybrid energy management system (HEMS) was also designed and simulated into the model as another method to reduce fossil energy fuel consumption during well development. HHPDE UF improved on average from 35.7% to 55.7% if only E-HEX were used and improved to 72.7% if JW-HEX were also used. DNGE average UF increased from 19.0% to 34.9% using E-HEX only. HEMS utilization improved UF up to an average of 76.9% and 39.1% for HHPDE CHP and DNGE CHP systems, respectively.

Unlocking Marginal Resources through Synergy between Subsurface and Surface Entities

Tunu is one of the biggest gas fields in Indonesia with 1400 km2 area in Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. This field has been producing since 1990 with cumulative production of more than 9.5 tcf and 190 mbbl condensate by the end of 2020 from over 1000 operating wells. Today, Tunu field contributes for approximately 40% of Mahakam production. After 30 years of production, Tunu production level is currently in declining phase, shown by its yearly production profile which exhibits a declining trend since 2008. Furthermore, Tunu well development project was considered marginally economical due to depleting reserve per well. Thus, an integrated study was conducted in order to reduce surface expenditure cost of Tunu pipeline based on current operating parameters. The study consisted of WHSIP history matching to determine new pipeline design pressure, evaluation of future wells production lifetime, and adjustment of pipeline corrosion allowance based on actual corrosion rate observed in Tunu field. Results show that most of future Tunu wells are predicted to have WHSIP below 200 barg and 1.5 to 3 years’ production lifetime. Corrosion rate in Tunu field as measured using corrosion coupon in piping with corrosion inhibitor injection is found to be less than 1 mm/20 years. Therefore, corrosion allowance for Tunu pipeline is optimized from 5 to 3 mm for 10-years design lifetime. For exceptional circumstances where actual well WHSIP > 200 barg, other method of producing the well will be implemented. Hence, by integrating recent subsurface behavior (WHSIP and well lifetime) with surface understanding (corrosion rate), it was then proposed new pipeline design for Tunu development. This study has generated USD 13 million cost saving for pipeline procurement in 2020. Moreover, implementation of the new pipeline design reduces 40% of pipeline unit cost for future pipeline procurement. This study has become the basis for future well development projects in Tunu field which significantly prolong Mahakam's production sustainability.

FIELD-TESTING A THROUGH-THE-BIT HIGH-DEFINITION ELECTRICAL BOREHOLE IMAGER FOR OIL-BASED MUD

A new, through-the-bit, ultra-slim wireline borehole-imaging tool for use in oil-based mud provides photorealistic images. The imager is designed to be conveyed through drill-pipe. At the desired well section, it exits the drill pipe through a portal drill bit and starts the logging. Field test measurements in several horizontal, unconventional wells in North America show images of fine detail with a large amount of geological information and high value for well development. A relatively new solution for conveying tools to the deepest point of a high angle or horizontal wells uses a drill bit with a portal hole at the bit face. As soon as the bit reaches the total depth, a string of logging tools is pumped down through the drill pipe. The tools exit the bit through the portal hole, arriving in the open hole and are ready for the up log. The tools operate on battery and store the log data in memory so that no cable is interfering as the drill pipe is tripped out of the well while the tools are acquiring data. The quality of wireline electrical borehole images in wells drilled with oil-based mud has significantly improved in recent years. Modern microresistivity imagers operate in the megahertz-frequency range, radiating the electromagnetic signal through the non-conductive mud column. A composite processing scheme produces high-resolution impedivity images. The new, ultra-slim borehole-imager tool uses these measurement principles and processing methods. Innovating beyond the existing tool designs the tool is now re-engineered to dimensions sufficiently slim to fit through drill pipes and to use through-the-bit logging techniques. The new, ultra-slim tool geometry proves highly reliable and, due to the deployment technique, highly effective in challenging hole conditions. The tool did not suffer any damage and showed only minute wear over more than twenty field test wells. The tool’s twelve-pad geometry provides 75% coverage in a six-inch diameter borehole and its image quality compares very well with existing larger tools. The field test of this borehole imaging tool covers all scenarios from vertical to deviated and to long-reach, horizontal wells. Geological structures, sedimentary heterogeneities, faults and fractures are imaged with detail matching benchmark wireline images. The interpretation answers allow operators of unconventional reservoirs to employ intelligent stimulation strategies based on geological reality and effective well development. A new high-frequency borehole imager for wells drilled with oil-based mud is introduced. Deployed through the drill pipe and its portal bit, the imager carries photorealistic microresistivity images into wells where conventional wireline conveyance techniques reach their limits in both practicality and viability.

Bag Toss Game based on Internet of Education Things (IoET) for the Development of Fine Motor Stimulation in Children 5-6 Years Old

The development of a child's motor skills starts when a child is 0 months old to 6 years old. In general, the development of motor skills divided into fine motor development and gross motor development. Fine motor development is a development that involves small muscles to follow certain movements. An example of a game activity to help stimulate small muscle development is the Bag Toss game. This game helps stimulate fine motor development by increasing eye coordination with the hand. In addition to the types of activities that boost fine motor development, it also requires the ability to monitor, record, and process the results of children's activities to assess and analyze the status of a child's fine motor development. In this study, we developed the Bag Toss game system that connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) platform. Bag Toss game has linked with a sensor that will record children's play activities. The results of recording data will be sent to the IoT platform to be processed and presented through the internet network. The implementation of IoT for educational purposes is known as the Internet of Educational Things (IoET). The system built will be tested in terms of functionality, reading accuracy and child assessment. The functionality of the system works 100% according to predetermined component functions, as well as for 100% successful reading accuracy for the scenario of throwing distances of 1 meter and 1.5 meters. In addition, the average delay time for every hole is 0.62 seconds. The delay value can still be tolerated and does not interfere with the game when the child assessment is conducted. The child assessment involved 4 children, the results obtained that 3 children are in the Well Development (BSH) stage and 1 child in Very Well Development (BSB) stage.