Hidden Supply Chain Risk and Incoterms®: Analysis and Mitigation Strategies

Among the many sources of financial and operational risk in supply chains are the Incoterms®, which are terms of trade used to decide who does what in a cargo movement, when risk passes from seller to buyer and who pays for which part of the movement. Wrong Incoterms® create unexpected costs or risks, at best, and inoperable contracts at worst, with all the challenges implied. This paper analyzes risk in supply chain management (SCM) through the lens of the responsibilities and costs imposed by Incoterms®. The authors also conducted a survey of 100 supply chain decision makers on supply chain contracts creation and Incoterms® knowledge in the population. Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) of Incoterms® reveals many scenarios that pose financial, operational, and even legal risk to firms. Results suggest Incoterms® rules are poorly understood by supply chain practitioners in general, are often chosen by personnel who are not aware of the implications of their choices, and are therefore frequently chosen incorrectly or non-strategically, thereby increasing cost and risk. This paper discusses the implications of the analysis and survey results on supply chain performance as well as mitigation strategies for practitioners in strategically using Incoterms® to remove cost, risk, and delay from supply chain transactions.

LEGAL STATUS OF THE DIGITAL PROFILE OF THE SUBJECTS OF CIVIL LEGAL RELATIONS

The aim of the work is a legal risk assessment to identify subjects of civil relations in order to implement commercial transactions safely using a digital profile. The paper attempts to assess the digital transformation of civil relations and the implementation of legal regulators for the protection and security of the subjects’ digital profile of. The aspects of “digital profile’s” definition interpretation as well the legal status separate signs for citizens and business entities of the notification procedure, differentiation of both rights to dispose and to use are reflected. The law enforcement practice of civil transactions in the course of digital resources’ turnover, as well as the attraction and imposition of administrative penalties are proposed, and a number of conflicts is identified due to the latency of illegal actions, the lack of digital competent human rights bodies and digital investigative tools.

Clinical risk and legal risk: their impact on consent

John Finch discusses clinical and legal risk and the consequences they have for consent in legal matters concerning clinical practice

UNDERSTANDING THE FINTECH CONTINUANCE INTENTION OF INDONESIAN USERS: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF GENDER

This research attempt to analyze risk and benefit factors as well as their influence on sustainability intention of FinTech. We elucidate the Planned Behavior Theory by including the perceived benefits and perceived risk variables to investigate its effect on intention to continue using FinTech. We also examined whether or not men and women are affected differently by the benefits and risk they perceive when using FinTech. Data were collected through online surveys, then being analyzed using GSCA. The results reveal perceived benefits are affected significantly by the convenience aspect and deliver a significant effect on FinTech continuance intention. The risk perceived by FinTech users is affected the most by legal risk. This study proves that gender is able to moderate the perceived risk influence on the intention to continue using FinTech, especially in the female user group.

Employee Non-compete Agreements, Gender, and Entrepreneurship

I contribute to the literature on institutions, gender, and entrepreneurship by showing that macrolevel institutional policies that do not explicitly target women nonetheless discourage them from leveraging prior professional experience—their own and that of others—in founding new ventures. Most ventures fail, but chances of success are greater if founders can bring to bear their professional expertise. However, employee non-compete agreements enjoin workers from leaving their employer to found a rival business in the same industry. Thus, non-competes add legal risk to business risk. To the extent that women exhibit greater risk aversion, the threat of litigation from their ex-employer may act as a sharper brake on startup activity than for men. Examining all workers who were employed exclusively within 25 states and the District of Columbia from 1990 to 2014, I find that women subject to tighter non-compete policies were less likely to leave their employers and start rival businesses. Non-competes increase the risk of entrepreneurship by making it harder to hire talent with relevant experience, shifting women away from higher potential ventures. A review of thousands of filed lawsuits suggests that firms do not target women in non-compete cases. Rather, it appears that non-competes disproportionately discourage women from leveraging their professional networks in hiring the sort of talent necessary for high-growth startups to succeed.