scholarly journals Employee Non-compete Agreements, Gender, and Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Marx
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
Professional Expertise ◽  
Institutional Policies ◽  
Professional Networks ◽  
Legal Risk

I contribute to the literature on institutions, gender, and entrepreneurship by showing that macrolevel institutional policies that do not explicitly target women nonetheless discourage them from leveraging prior professional experience—their own and that of others—in founding new ventures. Most ventures fail, but chances of success are greater if founders can bring to bear their professional expertise. However, employee non-compete agreements enjoin workers from leaving their employer to found a rival business in the same industry. Thus, non-competes add legal risk to business risk. To the extent that women exhibit greater risk aversion, the threat of litigation from their ex-employer may act as a sharper brake on startup activity than for men. Examining all workers who were employed exclusively within 25 states and the District of Columbia from 1990 to 2014, I find that women subject to tighter non-compete policies were less likely to leave their employers and start rival businesses. Non-competes increase the risk of entrepreneurship by making it harder to hire talent with relevant experience, shifting women away from higher potential ventures. A review of thousands of filed lawsuits suggests that firms do not target women in non-compete cases. Rather, it appears that non-competes disproportionately discourage women from leveraging their professional networks in hiring the sort of talent necessary for high-growth startups to succeed.

Antecedents of growth-oriented entrepreneurship before and during the Greek economic crisis

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Giotopoulos ◽  
Alexandra Kontolaimou ◽  
Aggelos Tsakanikas
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore potential drivers of high-growth intentions of early-stage entrepreneurs in Greece before and after the onset of the financial crisis of 2008. Design/methodology/approach To this end, the authors use individual-level data retrieved from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor annual surveys (2003-2015). Findings The results show that high-growth intentions of Greek entrepreneurs are driven by different factors in the crisis compared to the non-crisis period. Male entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs with significant work experience seem to be more likely to be engaged in growth-oriented new ventures during the crisis period. The same appears to hold for entrepreneurs who are motivated by an opportunity and also perceive future business opportunities in adverse economic conditions. On the other hand, the educational level and the social contacts of founders with other entrepreneurs are found to drive ambitious Greek entrepreneurship in the years before the crisis, while they were insignificant after the crisis outbreak. Originality/value Based on the concept of ambitious entrepreneurship, this study contributes to the literature by investigating the determinants of entrepreneurial high-growth expectations in the Greek context emphasizing the crisis period in comparison to the pre-crisis years.

Externally Acquired or Internally Generated? Knowledge Development and Perceived Environmental Dynamism in New Venture Innovation

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander McKelvie ◽  
Johan Wiklund ◽  
Anna Brattström
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Growth Sector ◽  
Market Knowledge ◽  
External Market

We investigate the relative importance of external market knowledge acquisition and internal knowledge generation in new venture innovation. We argue that the effectiveness of externally acquired knowledge is less important in environments that are perceived as highly dynamic. To test our model, we examine 316 new ventures in one singular, high-growth sector. We find that managers have different interpretations of dynamism within this single sector and that these perceptual variations have important implications for how new ventures develop knowledge in pursuit of innovation. In so doing, we illustrate important within-sector mechanisms and boundary conditions behind new venture knowledge development and innovation.

scholarly journals An international study of the factors explaining high-growth expectation in new ventures: a gender perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 171-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilde Ruiz Arroyo ◽  
María del Mar Fuentes Fuentes ◽  
Jenny María Ruiz Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
New Ventures ◽  
International Study ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Gender Perspective

scholarly journals Time, Growth, Complexity, and Transitions: Entrepreneurial Challenges for the Future

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Slevin ◽  
Jeffrey G. Covin
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Time Complexity ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Transition Time ◽  
Organizational System ◽  
The Future

This paper presents a model that depicts the relationships between time, complexity, and transitions in the context of high-growth new ventures or stable ventures that have been forced into radical change as a consequence of environmental conditions. This model treats time as an unrelenting driving force that requires organizational change and adaptation. Key parameters affecting transitions needed by successful organizations are explored, as are the rates at which these changes are accomplished. It is proposed that managers should seek to minimize overall transition time by making any required quantum changes to the organizational system quickly. Such changes are argued to best ensure the rapid reestablishment of viable organizational gestaits.

scholarly journals Distinguishing entrepreneurial approaches to opportunity perception

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stern Neill ◽  
Lynn E. Metcalf ◽  
Jonathan L. York
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Multiple Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Educational Strategies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Calls

Purpose Whether opportunities are discovered or created by entrepreneurs is a foundational question in entrepreneurship research. The purpose of this paper is to examine women entrepreneurs in high-growth new ventures and explore the cognitive resources that distinguish between three approaches to opportunity perception: opportunity discovery; opportunity creation; and a combined discover-create (ambidextrous) approach. Design/methodology/approach Using questionnaire responses from 165 women entrepreneurs in high-growth new ventures, K-means clustering was used to determine three approaches to opportunity perception. The cognitive resources associated with each approach were then identified using multiple discriminant analysis. Finally, multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to examine the relationship between opportunity perception and growth expectations. Findings These results demonstrate different approaches to opportunity perception among entrepreneurs in high-growth new ventures, the cognitive resources that reinforce each approach, and the expected new venture growth outcomes. Research limitations/implications The findings offer insight on the cognitive origins of opportunity perception by empirically identifying distinct approaches to opportunity perception and the cognitive resources that underlie each. The study relies on a unique sample of entrepreneurs to understand complex cognitive phenomenon. Practical implications Understanding the effects that cognitive factors have on opportunity perception provides direction for current and aspiring entrepreneurs. The findings and instrument may be used for professional development and to inform educational strategies. Originality/value The findings offer important contributions to entrepreneurial theory and practice by addressing repeated calls for research that examines the cognitive antecedents enabling opportunity formation (discovery, creation or both). This manuscript empirically does so, while opening up possibilities for future research.

scholarly journals Teeling Whiskey Company: A Tradition of Family Entrepreneurship and Whiskey Distilling

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colm O'Gorman ◽  
Martina Brophy ◽  
Eric Clinton
Keyword(s):  
High Growth ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Traditional Industry ◽  
Family Entrepreneurship

This case study explores the origins of a new high-growth family start-up competing in a traditional industry. Teeling Whiskey Company Ltd (TWC) is the brainchild of entrepreneur Jack Teeling. This new venture stems from another high-profile, family-based business named Cooley Distillery. Jack was Managing Director of Cooley Distillery, the business his father founded in 1987. At Cooley Distillery, he acquired a wealth of professional experience in whiskey distilling and selling. When the distillery was sold to a large US spirits company in 2012, Jack pursued his own entrepreneurial venture in Irish whiskey. A year after the business was founded, Jack was joined by his brother Stephen Teeling, and together they have shaped their idea for a boutique, premium whiskey distiller producing innovative offerings into a fast growing, internationalized business. Jack and Stephen need to build a niche for TWC, as many new distilleries are due to enter the market.

Family Founding Teams, Internal and External Collaboration, and New Venture Growth

2019 ◽  
pp. 730-753
Author(s):  
Suho Han ◽  
Sae Young Lee ◽  
Melissa E. Graebner
Keyword(s):  
Initial Public Offering ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
External Collaboration ◽  
Public Offering

Despite the prevalence of spousal, sibling, and parent–child ties within venture founding teams, little research has examined how family relationships among founders influence early entrepreneurial processes. This chapter explores how family relationships within founding teams influence internal and external collaboration. Within the firm, the chapter focuses on collaboration issues related to recruitment, changes in the management team, and strategic decision making. Beyond the firm’s boundaries, the chapter focuses on collaboration with external investors, strategic partners, potential acquirers, and post–initial public offering stakeholders. It draws upon the literatures on family businesses and high-growth new ventures to explore how family ties may influence collaboration processes over three broad stages of venture development: seed, commercialization, and growth and exit. The chapter concludes by highlighting unanswered research questions and by identifying relevant methodologies, settings, and data sources with which to address these gaps.

The State of American Entrepreneurship: New Estimates of the Quantity and Quality of Entrepreneurship for 32 US States, 1988–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-243
Author(s):  
Jorge Guzman ◽  
Scott Stern
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
The State ◽  
Us States ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Cyclical Pattern

Assessing the state of American entrepreneurship requires not simply counting the quantity but also the initial quality of new ventures. Combining comprehensive business registries and predictive analytics, we present estimates of entrepreneurial quantity and quality from 1988 to 2014. Rather than a secular pattern of declining business dynamism, our quality-adjusted measures follow a cyclical pattern sensitive to economic and capital market conditions. Consistent with the role of investment cycles as a driver of high-growth entrepreneurship, our results highlight the role of economic and institutional conditions as a driver of both initial entrepreneurial quality and the scaling of new ventures over time. (JEL G24, G32, L25, L26, M13)

The Influence of the Entrepreneur's Network on the Internationalization of Young French Firms

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Cabrol ◽  
Véronique Favre-Bonté ◽  
Alain Fayolle
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
International Markets ◽  
International New Ventures ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Born Globals ◽  
Business Network ◽  
International Networks ◽  
Start Up

Young and rapidly internationalizing firms, known as ‘international new ventures’ (INVs) or ‘born globals’ (BGs) have developed their ability to grow rapidly in international markets primarily because the entrepreneur and his or her team have established an international network. Based on six case studies of young technological firms located in the Rhône–Alpes region of France and using a qualitative method, this study focuses on the founders' capabilities in creating and developing an international business network. The results show that entrepreneurs build on their previous professional experience to mobilize international networks during the start-up phase in order to drive the firm's activities.

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