Tożsamość języka jidysz

The object of this paper is an attempt to describe the complex identity of the Yiddish language itself and its users. Poland and the Polish language have played a signifi cant role in both these aspects. Part one is a sociolinguistic overview of the history of crystallisation of Yiddish in the historical territory of Poland as the autonomous language of the national culture of Central and Eastern European Jews. Its fate after the Holocaust of European Jews is also described here. Part two is dedicated to problems with the genetic classifi cation of Yiddish due to the language-forming processes accompanying its development. Yiddish is classifi ed among mixed languages, since it came into existence as a result of Hebrew– Slavic–Germanic language contacts. Therefore, this part pays special attention to the explanation of the mixed nature of this language system and the role of Polish as an important contact language infl uencing the fi nal shape of the contemporary Yiddish language

Reflexive and Reciprocal Encoding in the Australian Mixed Language, Light Warlpiri

Mixed languages combine significant amounts of grammatical and lexical material from more than one source language in systematic ways. The Australian mixed language, Light Warlpiri, combines nominal morphology from Warlpiri with verbal morphology from Kriol (an English-lexified Creole) and English, with innovations. The source languages of Light Warlpiri differ in how they encode reflexives and reciprocals—Warlpiri uses an auxiliary clitic for both reflexive and reciprocal expression, while English and Kriol both use pronominal forms, and largely have separate forms for reflexives and reciprocals. English distinguishes person and number in reflexives, but not in reciprocals; the other source languages do not distinguish person or number. This study draws on naturalistic and elicited production data to examine how reflexive and reciprocal events are encoded in Light Warlpiri. The study finds that Light Warlpiri combines near-maximal distinctions from the source languages, but in a way that is not a mirror of any. It retains the person and number distinctions of English reflexives and extends them to reciprocals, using the same forms for reflexives and reciprocals (like Warlpiri). Reflexives and reciprocals occur within a verbal structure (perhaps under influence from Warlpiri). The results show that a mixed language can have discrete contributions from three languages, that the source languages can influence different subsystems to different extents, and that near-maximal distinctions from the source languages can be maintained.

PENGGUNAAN BAHASA DALAM PELAYANAN PERIZINAN SANTRI DI KANTOR KEAMANAN PONDOK PESANTREN PUTRI UTARA DARUSSALAM BLOKAGUNG BANYUWANGI :KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK

This research was conducted with the aim of describing the use of language performed by the waiter and the customer during the permit service along with the factors that influence it. This research uses Dell Hymes theory, namely SPEAKING. The method used is a qualitative method with the aim of describing the use of servant language and the factors that affect the diversity of languages in the security office. The method of data collection in this study uses the technique of listening to the language of the service free. The method of listening is done by taking notes while the conversation is taking place. The data that has been obtained are described and then sorted according to the data found. There are at least three languages used by the maids in the student permit service (Javanese, Osing, and Indonesian). The factors of language use that influence the language used by servants in security and order offices are age, mutual respect, and familiarity. The result of this research is that there are three languages used in the licensing service for students. The languages used are Javanese, Osing, and mixed languages.

Сашко-lect: The translanguaged grammar of a hyper multilingual global nomad. Part 3 – Contact languages and translanguaging

This study examines the idiolect of Сашко – a hyper-multilingual global nomad whose language repertoire draws on forty languages, ten of which he speaks with native or native-like proficiency. By analyzing grammatical and lexical features typifying Сашко’s translanguaging practices (code-switches, code-borrowings, and code-mixes), as documented in the corpus of reflexive notes that span the last twenty-five years, the author designs Сашко’s translanguaged grammar. Instead of being a passive additive pluralization of separated, autonomous, and static monolects, Сашко’s grammar emerges as a deeply orchestrated, unitary, and dynamic strategy. From Сашко’s perspective, this grammar constitutes a tool to express his rebellious and defiant identity; a tool that – while aiming to combat Western mono-culturalisms, compartmented multilingualisms, and nationalisms – ultimately leads to Сашко’s linguistic and cultural homelessness. This paper – the last in a series of three articles – is dedicated to Сашко’s mixed languages and translanguaged grammar typifying Сашко-lect in its integrity.

Vowel system or vowel systems?

The Manila variety of Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH-M) or Lánnang-uè is a contact language used by the metropolitan Manila Chinese Filipinos; it is primarily comprised of Hokkien, Tagalog/Filipino, and English elements. Approaching PHH-M as a mixed language, we investigate linguistically and socially conditioned variation in the monophthongs of PHH-M, focusing on the extent to which the vowel systems of the three source languages have converged. This analysis draws on data gathered from 34 native speakers; Pillai scores are calculated to assess the degree of merger. Contrary to certain predictions of prior work on mixed languages, PHH-M is found to have a unified, eight-vowel inventory distinct from any of its sources. Older women use more stable vowels across source languages, suggesting that they have led in the development of PHH-M as a mixed code; however, signs of change among younger women suggest either the endangerment of the code or its evolution in response to the community’s shifting identity. We contextualize our conclusions in relation to the sociohistory and language ecology of metropolitan Manila’s Chinese Filipino community.