EPIZOOTIC MONITORING OFINFECTION OF MARKETABLE FISH WITH HELMINTHOZOONOSIS IN THE ALTAI REGION

Fish is a valuable food product, but for all its usefulness it may become a source of poisoning and infection for hu-mans. On the territory of the Russian Federation, a number of parasitic diseases are registered; their causative agents are transmitted to humans through fish and its processed products. The research goal is the epizootic monitoring of marketable fish infection with helminthozoonosis in the Altai Region to evaluate the risk of infection in humans and ani-mals. The research targets are different species of fresh-water and marine fish. The research subject was the epizoot-ic situation regarding helminthozoonosis in commercial fish in the Altai Region. To detect the helminthic fauna in market-able fish and study the infestation dynamics, we conducted our own research and used the data from state reporting on veterinary and sanitary examination of slaughter products on farms, at slaughterhouses and meat processing plants, at cold storage plants and markets in the Altai Region. The studies were carried out according to common research methods. The epizootic monitoring has found that two out of nine parasites registered in marketable fish are dangerous to humans. They are the causative agents of opisthorchiasis and anisacidosis. Analysis of long-term dynamics of market-able fish infestation revealed that the frequency of anisaci-dosisregistration in fish decreased in recent years, and opis-thorchiasiswas not recorded at all in the Region over the past six years. Despite the steady tendency of reducedinfes-tation of marketable fish, veterinary control should not be weakened. The factors accompanying the spread of the invasion are still present in the Region. To evaluate the epi-zootic situation in the Region and the effectiveness of pre-ventive measures to improve the health of the population regarding helminthic helminthozoonosis, it is necessary to further monitor the dynamics of fish infection by means of veterinary and sanitary examination of fish as a possible source of human infection.

SCIENCE-BASED PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST INFECTIOUS ANIMAL DISEASESIN THE ALTAI REGION

More accessible international movement of people, goods and freights has complicated the problem of protect-ing our country against highly dangerous and exotic animal diseases. At the same time, long-term epizootological and experimental studies made it possible to conclude that in cattle herds, a problem regarding three groups of parasitic and infectious diseases was found: chronic, highly danger-ous and transboundary animal diseases. To obtain reliable data on veterinary welfare in the animal industry of the Altai Region, the technological scheme for carryingout preven-tive measures was developed and successfully used for more than 20 years. The scheme is used in all areas of animal husbandry in the Region. A large number of preven-tive treatments are carried out in poultry farming –311,946,605 units, in cattle breeding (5,384,337), sheep and goat breeding (367,552), pig breeding (2,664,972), horse breeding (93,289), maral breeding (34,440) and bee-farming (33,808). Infectious diseases pose a threat to the animal farming of the Region, and some of them affect humans. The chronic infections under annual diagnostic monitoring as leukemia, tuberculosis and brucellosis are registered in the Altai Region in agricultural enterprises of all forms of ownership. Anthrax, leptospirosis, rabies and other infections that are dangerous to humans and animals are prevented by immunizing susceptible animals. The threat of bringing into the country is posed by highly conta-gious infections as foot and mouth disease, African swine fever, avian influenza, infectious nodular dermatitis, and equine breeding paralysis. The natural foci of trichinosis in the Altai Region pose a threat to pigs being affected by this dangerous infectious disease. The introduction of the sci-ence-based scheme of preventive measures in livestock breeding of the Altai Region may reduce the costs of their implementation.

HONEY POLLEN ANALYSIS AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HONEY BEES LIVING IN THE TOWN OF NAUCHNIY GORODOK OF THE ALTAI REGION

Honeybeepopulations were formed under certain phy-toclimatic conditions and, in the process of natural selec-tion, acquired useful characters that ensured the survival and successful reproduction of the species. Throughout the evolutionary process, insects and plants have developed certain relationships, and therefore bees developed priori-ties and tools in collecting nectar and pollen from certain plant species. On the territory of Russia, several popula-tions of Apis melliferaL. are zoned; they differ in flora spe-cialization, color and body size, behavior, productivity, win-ter hardiness and disease resistance. The main morpho-metric indices of insects that confirm the purity of the breed are the proboscis length and cubital index. To determine the species compositionof bees, insect samples were tak-en from 3 bee colonies inhabiting the town of Nauchniy Gorodok of the Altai Region, and 4 honey varieties were taken for pollen analysis. It was found that all samples of centrifuged honey belonged to polyfloral varieties and con-sisted of pollen of plants of the Cruciferous family (6.0-23.5%), Polygonaceae(1.4-33.0%), Fabaceae (2.5-28.1%), and Compositae (0.5-23.5%). The range of the indices of proboscis length (6.46 ± 0.033; 6.57 ± 0.021; 6.53 ± 0.021 mm) and cubital index(42.58 ± 1.514; 50.31 ± 1.78; 45.36 ± 1.134%) of the studied bees was quite high. The coefficients of variation were as following: re-garding proboscis length -1.38-2.25%, and cubital index -10.9-15.49%. Thus, in the 3 studied bee colonies, there were individuals with exterior features (proboscis length and cubital index) belonging to the European dark, Carpa-thian, Carniolan,Italian, Yellow and Mountain Grey Cauca-sian honeybee breeds.

Horse's hoof motif in the art of ancient nomads (genesis and symbolism)

Among the motives of the ancient nomads’s art, the horse’s hoof attracts special attention of specialists. The sign of hoof is reproduced in the form of a schematic image of a part of a leg (sometimes a pair of hind legs) or an abstract pattern of the hoof’s footprint. Several regional cultural and stylistic areas can be distinguished. The first area is located in the Sayano-Altai region and adjacent territories. The figurative element of the hoof here is presented mainly on ladles and less often on cheek-pieces, and the abstract element of the hoof’s footprint placed on petroglyphs and harness buckles. The second area includes the Dnieper region, the Kuban region, the Caucasus and Iran, where both depicted elements are placed on the cheek-pieces. The South Ural is considered as a buffer zone where European and Asian influences collided. The figurative element here adorns mainly the cheek-pieces, while the abstract element decorates the buckles. The Khakass-Minusinsk Hollow and Kazakhstan are special areas with specific sets of items. The hoof signs in petroglyphs were depicted from the end of the Bronze Age up to the ethnographic time. The hoof signs on items appeared in the second half of the 8th – first half of the 7th century BC. The earliest finds were found in Altai. Probably the Asian territories played the most important role in the development of the hoof’s motive. The disappearance of the horse hoof images from nomadic art occurred in the 3rd century BC. In the second half of the 7th century BC the motive penetrated the Middle East with the carriers of the ancient nomadic culture. The motive of the horse’s hoof transformed into an additional detail of the animal’s figure — a mouth or an ear. The horse hoof was associated with certain ideas among the ancient nomads. The image of a horse’s hoof in petroglyphs served as a pictogram, ethnic or social emblem. The motive depicted on the objects could also serve as a symbol of a certain group of people. Presumably, these were the royal Scythians, known by the «History» of Herodotus, — an association of nomads those played a significant part in the formation of the archaic Scythian culture.

INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP INDICES OF VELVET ANTLER PRODUCTION OF MARALS FOR THE PERIOD OF THEIR ECONOMIC USE

Maral breeding is a promising direction of animal hus-bandry in the Altai Region and the Republic of Altai. Breed-ing of highly productive maral stags is based on the proper organization of breeding work which is not possible without an accurate evaluation of individual and group indices of velvet antler weight. In this regard, the research goal is to study individual and group indices of velvet antler produc-tion of marals for the period of their economic use depend-ing on the age. It was found that the velvet antler weight increased by 6.3 kg over the entire study period, and there was a decreasing tendency of the productive index in thir-teen-year-old marals by 800 g. It was found that in the maral stag herd in 2021, the maral stag born in 2008 with velvet antler weight of 18.8 kg became the record holder. The main criteria for culling were decreased velvet antler production and fatness; the age of those animals was from eleven to fourteen years. In this regard, it was found that individual highly productive thirteen-year-old maral stags could consistently produce high-weight velvet antlers dur-ing the period of their economic use. To improve the quali-tative composition of marals, at breeding time, it is neces-sary to evaluate and select high-productive stags from six to twelve years old individually in dynamics and cull low-productive ones regardless of age.

Complex automated monitoring of the hydrological and hydrobiological state of basinal freshwater lake Krasilovskoye (Altai Region)

The results of a comprehensive automated monitoring for the hydrological and hydrobiological state of a freshwater Lake Krasilovskoe, conducted since 2013 are given. The experimental dashboard is considered, including the atmospheric-soil measuring complex (ASMC), developed and created in the IMCES SB RAS, Tomsk. An analysis of the dynamics of the lake level during years with contrasting hydrometeorological conditions was performed, which made it possible to identify the main factors that determine the level mode in the spring. In the hydrobiological terms, the dynamics of phytoplankton concentration at different depths in different seasons of the year were investigated. The results of processing Sentinel-1, 2 satellite data and data of natural observations on the distribution of chlorophyll “A” in the surface layer of water sections of the lake water area are discussed.

Geoelectrical structure and monitoring in fault zones of Uimon depression in Gorny Altai region using electromagnetic methods

In this paper we present the results of our studies of sections of the Uimon basin in Gorny Altai (Russia) using a complex of electrical prospecting methods. The areas of Baratal Formation at the surface have been investigated. This areas explored in order to understand the stages of formation of the depression. In addition, the possibilities of the electrotomography method for regular observations in seismoactive regions are shown. Comparison of the amplitudes of the resistivity variations based on repeated ERT measurements in different zones of the Terekta fault indicates the activity of its eastern part, which is expressed in significant resistivity variations exceeding 100%. At the same time, the variations in the northwestern part of the fault, reaching 15% on average, are many times smaller.

The results of magnetotelluric studies on the profile of the Kuray depression – lake Teletskoye

The results of magnetotelluric studies (MTS) conducted in the western part of the Mountainous Altai region on the profile of the Kurai depression – lake Teletskoye are presented. The profile intersects two large tectonic units – the Mountainous Altai and Teletskaya, bounded by regional tectonic suturs of the Teletsko-Bashkausskiy, Northern Sayans, Shapshalskiy and other faults. The obtained data indicate a fairly fractional recent block divisibility of the Earth’s crust of the Mountainous Altai territory. It is shown that according to the characteristics of the electrical resistivity distribution within the studied profile, large blocks are distinguished that differ sharply in the features of the composition and structure of the Earth’s crust, as well as the manifestation intensity of deep processes. The sections constructed from magnetotelluric data allow us to trace the behavior of the main neotectonic disturbances, which are marked by subvertical zones with abnormally low resistivity values (1-5 Ohm·m).