PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND PERSONAL DATA IN THE BIG DATA ENVIRONMENT OF SMART CITIES

The project of smart cities has emerged as a response to the challenges of twenty-first- century urbanization. Solutions to the fundamental conundrum of cities revolving around efficiency, convenience and security keep being sought by leveraging technology. Notwithstanding all the conveniences furnished by a smart city to all the citizens, privacy of a citizen is intertwined with the benefits of a smart city. The development processes which overlook privacy and security issues have left many of the smart city applications vulnerable to non-conventional security threats and susceptible to numerous privacy and personal data spillage risks. Among the challenges the smart city initiatives encounter, the emergence of the smartphone-big data-the cloud coalescence is perhaps the greatest, from the viewpoint of privacy and personal data protection. As our cities are getting digitalized, information comprising citizens' behavior, choices, and mobility, as well as their personal assets are shared over smartphone-big data-the cloud coalescences, thereby expanding cyber-threat surface and creating different security concerns. This coalescence refers to the practices of creating and analyzing vast sets of data, which comprise personal information. In this paper, the protection of privacy and personal data issues in the big data environment of smart cities are viewed through bifocal lenses, focusing on social and technical aspects. The protection of personal data and privacy in smart city enterprises is treated as a socio-technological operation where various actors and factors undertake different tasks. The article concludes by calling for novel developments, conceptual and practical changes both in technological and social realms.

Design of Acoustic Bifocal Lenses Using a Fourier-Based Algorithm

In this work, we develop a new design method based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) for implementing zone plates (ZPs) with bifocal focusing profiles. We show that the FFT of the governing binary sequence provides a discrete sequence of the same length, which indicates the location of the main foci at the ZP focusing profile. Then, using reverse engineering and establishing a target focusing profile, we are capable of generating a binary sequence that provides a ZP with the desired focusing profile. We show that this design method, based on the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), is very flexible and powerful and allows to tailor the design of bifocal ZPs to achieve focusing profiles with the desired foci locations and resolutions. The key advantage of our design algorithm, compared to other alternatives presented in previous works, is that our method provides bifocal focusing profiles with an absolute control of the foci locations. Moreover, although we analyze the performance of this novel design algorithm for underwater ultrasonics, it can also be successfully extended to different fields of physics, such as optics or microwaves, where ZPs are widely employed.

Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery with RayOne trifocal lenses implantation

Purpose. To study the results of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) using RayOne diffractive trifocal IOLs in comparison with bifocal lenses. Material and methods. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the first group included 32 patients (46 eyes) who were implanted with a bifocal refractive IOL M-flex 630 F with +3 dptr addidation during FPCS. The second group consisted of 34 people (49 eyes) with implanted RayOne trifocal IOL. The surgical treatment was evaluated by determining uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) in the distance, at close (30-45 cm) and medium distance (50-70 cm) at discharge, 1 month and six months after the operation in photopic and mesopic lighting conditions, with the study of postoperative refractometry data, the construction of a defocusing curve, and subjective assessment of patient satisfaction. Results. A month after tthe operation the postoperative spheroequivalent in the range of ±0.5 D was achieved in group 1 in 82.6% of cases and in group 2-in 91.8. Six months after surgery near visual acuity without correction in photopic and mesopic light conditions was on average 0.61±0.08, while in patients of group 2, the average values were recorded at 0.64±0.09 and 0.62±0.07, respectively. By this time, the patients of group 1 had significantly lower rates of UCVA at long and medium distances: 0.81±0.08 in photopic lighting conditions and 0.79±0.08 in mesopic conditions, and group 2 0.41±0.08 and 0.40±0.10, respectively. Conclusion. Patients who underwent FLACS with an implanted RayOne trifocal IOL, compared with patients with bifocal IOLs, had higher rates of subjective satisfaction with the results of surgical treatment and UCVA at various distances (including greater comfort with actions performed at close and medium distances) at different light levels. Key words: multifocal IOLs, femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery, RayOne Trifocal.

Understand the Patients’ Attitude towards Presbyopia and the various Lenses Correction Options

Aim: To reveal the patients point of view about the selection of different presbyopic correction options from ophthalmic lenses and awareness about presbyopia. Methodology: In this Prospective study, feedback questionnaire based study in North India, 126 subjects were enrolled and the offline questionnaire and responses were recorded. Participants’ age ranged between 37 -75 years (using near correction). Evaluated the responses to know the reasons of chosen of different options for pre-presbyopia and presbyopia correction by the subjects and attitudes about it, its importance, and present conventional correction opinions including bifocals, progressive addition lenses and contact lenses. Result: Among the all participants, number of participants between the age group 37- 45 (pre-presbyopes) were 35 (27.77%), between 45-55 years of aged group were 60 (47.61%) participants and rest of 31 (24.60%) participants were between 55-75 years of aged group. Forty eight participants (38.1%) were already wearing a near correction while seventy eight (61.9%) were not wear any near correction. Out of 126, the 6 (4.76%) subjects were chosen a near visual correction and separated glasses, 88 (69.84%) subjects were chosen the bifocal lenses, rest of all 32 (25.89%) subjects chosen the PALs. And no one was using contact lens for near correction. Few similarities were observed as age–related (75.38%), total unaware of word presbyopia (85.71%), comfort, convenience and appearance concerned (63%). Conclusion: The spectacles were most preferred for the correction of presbyopia. Bifocals are taken by majority of population. After educating about Presbyopia and advantages of PALs, it was revealed that most of the subjects wanted to choose PALs because of comfort and convenience to see all distances but most of them denied due to cost and 4-8 days adaptation time. So most of the subjects were chosen the bifocal lenses even they knew the disadvantages of it like image jump and segment line, while comfort, convenience and cosmetic appearance were seen as the preferred than cost. But cost also played role while finalize the lens and its coatings types.

Can your eye glasses lead to future neck pain and disability? Relation of eyeglasses with neck muscle endurance and posture

Background: Use of spectacles is common for people having vision problems. Unifocal and bifocal are usually the commonly used lenses for vision correction. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of type of lenses in eyeglasses on the neck muscles endurance and neck posture.Methods: A sample of 132 subjects were recruited and divided in three groups according to use of unifocal, bifocal or no glasses. Normal healthy subjects using eyeglasses for a minimum of 2 years and as per selection criteria were assessed for their deep neck flexor endurance (DNF) and craniovertebral angle (CVA).Results: Females had less DNF endurance than males in all groups. DNF endurance was also least reported in subjects using bifocal lenses followed by unifocal and no glasses. These results were similar for both males and females. Bifocal group also had least CVA amongst both sexes.Conclusions: Use of bifocal lenses reduces the DNF endurance and leads to forward head posture over time. These two factors are commonly associated with development of neck pain and disability. Assessment for the type of lens in eyeglasses should be added in diagnosing musculoskeletal problems in neck. Appropriate neck exercises, corrective postures and advise for correct eyeglasses at an early stage could maintain DNF endurance and therefore, prevent faulty neck postures and associated pain. This small check could be a big step towards reducing the financial and psychological burden on the patient and an affordable and less invasive public health solution to neck related problems.

Treatment of Younger Patients with Accommodative Esotropia

Background: Accommodative esotropia (AET) is a common disease during childhood. In this literature review, we analyze and discuss the different methods of treatment for Accommodative esotropia. Methods: Articles about accommodative esotropia from 2007 to 2017 were retrieved from the PubMed database. We study the articles by title/abstract/all fields, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, finally 9 articles were retained. We compared the effectiveness between these approaches to treatment. Results: All the refraction methods had an effectivity rate of > 50%. The bifocal lenses group showed a higher failure rate (15.58%) than the single-vision lenses group (5.19%). Extraocular muscle surgery can significantly decrease deviation in patients who have AET with a high AC/A ratio (95.24%,71.30%,78.40%). After Botulinum toxin injection, the residual deviation was significantly lower than that before the injection (90.44%) and this rate held stable until 12 months after the injection (85.71%) and then decreased to 71.43% at 18 months. The effectivity rate in the prism builders group (surgery with prism group) was significantly higher than that in the prism non-builders group 100% vs. 56.25%). In this review, the average rate of Amblyopia in the accommodative esotropia patient is 41.36%. Conclusions：All the treatment were full or partly effective for accommodative esotropia patients. Early intervention using effective methods of treatment can improve accommodative esotropia patients’ alignment and improve their quality of life. Amblyopia is common in patients with partly accommodative esotropia. Keyword: Accommodative esotropia, Treatment, High AC/A ( accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio ), Amblyopia.