Reflet de la pandémie de Covid-19 dans les dictionnaires de la langue française

The Reflection of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Dictionaries of the French Language. Languages adapt to reflect changes taking place in the life of users. The COVID-19 pandemic, by its specificity, has had an enriching effect on the French language, which quickly created and borrowed simple and complex lexical units, a new specialized vocabulary reflecting the transformations that have occurred in the society. Medical terms like coronavirus (type of virus) and COVID-19 (disease caused by SARS -CoV-2) became a part of everyday conversation. New words and new meanings are usually added to dictionaries once editors have enough evidence to demonstrate continued historical use; therefore, they must be used over a significant period of time to earn their place in dictionaries. Based on the above, the question arises: how has the epidemic impacted dictionary editors? The present study attempts to investigate the new French words and expressions that emerged in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis and were added to dictionaries of the French language. The corpus collected within this study comprises neologisms (the concept of neologism can be misleading here, because the lexicography theory characterizes neologisms as words which have not been included in current dictionaries) from various fields, new words or expressions and new meanings which have been added to the Petit Robert and the Petit Larousse illustré and the online dictionaries Grand dictionnaire terminologique and Wiktionnaire. The French dictionary Le Petit Robert has added 26 new words and meanings to its 2022 dictionary, and 48 new words and meanings, from cluster to coronapiste (a cycle lane introduced during the COVID-19 crisis), have entered the French dictionary Le Petit Larousse 2022. The present study shows how French dictionaries have been able to adapt to the changes brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. During this health crisis, the French language has been extraordinarily dynamic.

Postautorytarna trauma jako czynnik sprawczy przemian mechanizmu przedawnienia roszczeń w Polsce. Część 2

The first part of the article characterizes the change in the provisions concerning the way of taking into account the expiration of the limitation period of claims, which took place in 1990, as well as the basic aspects related to the functioning of two competing solutions in the discussed issue, i.e. taking into account the expiration of limitation period of claims by the court ex officio or on the defendant’s plea. This second part of the article presents the practice of applying the solution introduced in 1990, including the assessment by the courts of the plea of limitation raised by the defendant in terms of whether it constitutes an abuse of law. Some irregularities that emerged in connection with the functioning of the electronic writ of payment were also indicated. Attention was also paid to the aspect of the sometimes expressed social attitude in the analyzed matter and the amendment to the provisions on the limitation of claims made by the Act of April 13, 2018. The latter regulation caused that now, in relation to claims pursued by entrepreneurs from consumers, the court must ex officio take into account the expiration of the limitation period of claim. The considerations end with reflections on the causes and effects of the phenomenon of the return, albeit partial, to such a solution. After all, it was first rejected in 1990 as a normative structure functioning in an authoritarian state, and in a significant period even totalitarian (as discussed in more detail in the first part of this article), and now in 2018 it has been restored with regard to claims pursued by entrepreneurs from consumers.

GENEALOGY, DIASPORA, AND DA’WAH: The Religious Role of Sheikh Ibrahim al-Hadhrami in Pattani and Java

There are several problems in the historiography of Islam Nusantara nowadays. One of them is the lack of written sources, especially during the XIV-XV centuries. It was a significant period when the early generation of preachers (Walisongo) played a significant role in spreading Islam in the archipelago. Because of the limitations of written sources, some scholars assume Walisongo as a myth. This article aims to reveal the genealogy, sanad, and religious roles of one of the early Walisongo, Shaykh Ibrahim al-Hadrami, in Pattani and Java. This study applied historical research methods. It relied on critical testing and analysis, including heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. Besides, the findings showed the continuity of the genealogy and sanad of Shaykh Ibrahim al-Hadrami and his descendants. They formed a network of Ulama and da’wah centers in Pattani and Java. In Pattani, Islamic preaching centers built by Sheikh Ibrahim al-Hadrami were continued by his descendants, such as Sheikh Ahmad bin Muhammad Zain al-Fathani and Sheikh Daud al-Fathani. They developed in Kedah, Kelantan, and several areas in the Malay Peninsula. Meanwhile, in Java, the centers of Islamic da’wah built by Sheikh Ibrahim al-Hadrami were continued by his two sons, Raden Rahmat (Sunan Ampel) and Raden Ali Murtadla (Sunan Gresik) and their descendants. Therefore, Islam developed throughout Java.الملخص : بعض مشاكل التاريخ الإسلامي في الأرخبيل لا تزال تطفو على السطح حتى الآن. منها، أنّ المصادر المكتوبة غير متوفّرة. خاصّة في القرن XV-XIV رغم أنّ تلك الفترة، فترة مهمّة حيث يلجأ الجيل المبكّر من الدواعي (والي سونغو) دوراً هامّاً في نشر الإسلام في الأرخبيل. بعض العلماء يعتبرون والي سونغو أسطورة، لأنّ المصادر المكتوبة محدودة. للمساهمة في الدراسة القائمة، تهدف هذه المادّة إلى الكشف عن الأنساب والسند والدور الديني من أحد الجيل الأوّل من والي سونغو – الشيخ إبراهيم الحضرمي- في باتاني وجاوى. تستخدم هذه الدراسة طرق البحث التاريخية التي تعتمد على الاختبار والتحليل النقدي بما في ذلك الاستدلال والتحقّق والتفسير والتأريخ. تظهر هذه الدراسة استمرارية أنساب وسند الشيخ إبراهيم الحضرمي وذريته الذين يشكلون شبكة من مراكز العلماء والدعوة في باتاني وجاوى. في باتاني، استمرّت مراكز الدعوة الإسلامية التي بناها الشيخ إبراهيم الحضرمي من قبل ذريته مثل الشيخ أحمد بن محمّد زين الفتحاني والشيخ داوود الفتحاني الذي تطوّر في كيدا وكلنتان وعدّة مناطق في شبه جزيرة الملايو. وفي نفس الوقت، استمرّت مراكز الدعوة الإسلامية في جاوى التي بناها الشيخ إبراهيم الحضرمي من قبل ولديه، رادين رحمة (سونان أمبل) ورادين عليّ مرتضى (سونان جريسيك) وذريتهم، حتى تطوّر الإسلام في جميع أنحاء جاوى.Abstrak: Beberapa permasalahan dalam historiografi Islam Nusantara sampai saat ini masih terus mengemuka, salah satunya adalah kurangnya sumber tertulis, khususnya masa abad XIV-XV. Padahal masa tersebut merupakan masa yang sangat penting dimana generasi awal para pendakwah (Walisongo) memainkan peranan signifikan dalam menyebarkan Islam di Nusantara. Keterbatasan sumber tertulis menjadikan sebagian cendekiawan menganggap Walisongo sebagai mitos. Untuk berkontribusi pada studi yang ada, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap silsilah, sanad dan peran keagamaan salah satu Walisongo generasi awal, yakni Syaikh Ibrahim al-Hadrami di Pattani dan Jawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang bertumpu pada pengujian dan analisis kritis meliputi heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Kajian ini menunjukkan ketersambungan silsilah dan sanad Syaikh Ibrahim al Hadrami serta keturunannya yang membentuk jejaring Ulama dan sentra-sentra dakwah di Pattani dan Jawa. Di Pattani, sentra-sentra dakwah Islam yang dibangun Syaikh Ibrahim al-Hadrami dilanjutkan oleh keturunannya, seperti Syaikh Ahmad bin Muhammad Zain al-Fathani and Syaikh Daud al-Fathani yang berkembang di Kedah, Kelantan dan beberapa kawasan di Semenanjung Melayu. Sedangkan di Jawa, sentra-sentra dakwah Islam yang dibangun Syaikh Ibrahim al-Hadrami dilanjutkan oleh kedua putranya, Raden Rahmat (Sunan Ampel) dan Raden Ali Murtadla (Sunan Gresik) beserta keturunannya sehingga Islam berkembang diseluruh wilayah tanah Jawa.

Rob Gray (1952–2020): A personal perspective on his achievements at the University of Dundee in the 1990s

Purpose This paper aims to pay tribute to Rob Gray’s achievements at the University of Dundee in the 1990s – a significant period in the development of the field of social and environmental accounting research. Design/methodology/approach Memories and reflections. Findings A personal perception of Rob’s drive, motivations and generosity of spirit. Originality/value A portrayal of someone who deserves to be remembered for what he accomplished, and for the collegiate and supportive example he set for others in pursuing social and environmental awareness and responsibility.

COVID-19 fear index: does it matter for stock market returns?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to capture the investors' mood related to the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze its impact on the stock market returns.Design/methodology/approachTo capture the investor mood related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors construct a unique COVID-19 fear index based on the Search Volume Index (SVI) from Google Trends (http://www.Google.com/trends/) of the search terms related to COVID-19 words and phrases as revealed by Google and Internet dictionaries. The COVID-19 fear index was used to investigate its impact on the stock market returns.FindingsThe study finds a strong negative association between COVID-19 fear and stock returns. Unlike other studies, the relationship is persistent for a significant period. This relationship is not found to reverse in the following days. The results also highlight that COVID-19 fear strongly impacts the stock market. The sentiment persists for a significant period and is not reversed soon, unlike the regular times in earlier studies.Originality/valueThe study is among the very few studies that constructed COVID-19 fear index using several Google search terms and captured its impact on the stock market returns.

Repented and Flora and Dambudzo

A practice-research journey across two experimental films, Flora and Dambudzo (2015) and Repented (2019), which share a core compelling question about the influence of colonialism on intimate relationships in Zimbabwe. Flora and Damudzo (2015) depicts a scene between the iconic Zimbabwean writer Dambudzo Marechera and his German lover Flora Veit Wild using words from their historical writing. Repented (2019) is based on a play by Zimbabwean playwright Stanely Makuwe and focuses on the confrontational meeting of two characters after a long absence. Through split screen editing, the film also incorporates archive material shot during the colonial times in Rhodesia and South Africa which serves as an expressive illustration of the profound injustice, oppressiveness and gestures of defiance that occurred. Through this sustained enquiry, Piotrowska describes the process of adapting different material for the screen, explores notions of theatricality and reflects on the significant period of time between the creation of the films as a period of learning and questioning her own preconceptions and ideas.

Statistical studies of the consumption of bread products as a marker of the causes of the development of diabetes mellitus

Studies of the dependence of the degree of development of diabetes mellitus on the volume of consumption of bakery products were carried out in 22 regions located in various geographic and economic zones of the country. For each region, statistics on the consumption of bread products and the incidence of diabetes mellitus were determined for a significant period. Mathematical processing of the statistical data of the studied parameters made it possible to reveal a significant direct dependence (coefficient of the correlation effect of 0.62) on the volume of consumption of bread products, the degree of development of diabetes mellitus.

Improvements in the performance of an SIS by bypass reduction on the safety functions

In order to maintain the integrity of its installation, the BIR EL MSANA (BMS) oil company has equipped itself with a safety instrumented system (SIS), complying with IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 standards. Whereas some constitutive functions of this system are disabled and not available, this means that the installations remains unprotected for a significant period of time, hence the obligation to look for adequate and permanent solutions. Through this work, we clarify the causes that led to this deactivation, proposing effective solutions for each case, this will allow reactivating them and ensuring a safe and sustainable exploitation.

Shchukinsky Peninsula as a New Habitat of the Grass-snake Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758) (Colubridae, Reptilia) in Moscow

The paper provides new information about the Moscow findings of the grass snake Natrix natrix, listed in the Red Data book of this city. Regular meetings of common grass snakes on the territory of the Shchukinsky Peninsula for a significant period, starting from 2012, indicate its relatively stable, but low population abundance.