The 5HTOL/5HIAA Ratio as a Biomarker of Alcohol Hangover

Assessment of the presence and severity of alcohol hangovers relies on the subjective method of self-report. Therefore, there is a need of adequate biomarkers that (1) correlate significantly with hangover severity, and (2) correspond to the level of hangover-related performance impairment objectively. In this naturalistic study, n = 35 social drinkers participated. Urine samples were obtained the morning after alcohol consumption and after an alcohol-free control day. Concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and the 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio were determined. The results confirm previous findings that 5-HTOL and the 5HTOL/5-HIAA ratio are useful biomarkers of recent alcohol consumption. Significant correlations were found with the amount of alcohol consumed, total drink time, and estimated BAC. However, urine concentrations of 5-HTOL and 5-HIAA (and their ratio 5HTOL/5-HIAA) did not significantly correlate with hangover severity. In conclusion, urine 5-HTOL, 5-HIAA, and the 5HTOL/5-HIAA ratio cannot be considered to be suitable biomarkers of alcohol hangover.

Philosophical and Biological Foundation of Brain Based Learning: A Phenomenological Approach

This investigation was undertaken to look at the philosophical and biological foundation of brain based learning through phenomenological approach. Subjective method of investigation was used. Interviews were taken through semi-structures procedure in which 12 instructors were involved as a sample. Two topics of the examination were assessed and it was discovered that authenticity, optimism, realism, dualism, naturalism, cognizant and oblivious part of cerebrum and constructivism were straightforwardly related with brain oriented learning approach. Correspondingly, Brain is not organically comprehended by the educator completely in light of the fact because cerebrum discovery is tranquil as a young ground of teaching learning process. Instructor have been rehearsing cerebrum based adapting normally yet they are not ready to express a reasonable balanced for their activity yet the educators still practice the mind based adapting adequately. Keywords: Brain-Based Learning, Philosophical and Biological Foundation, Phenomenological Study

METHODOLOGY OF OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY BEARINGS BY VIBRO-ACOUSTICS AND ITS COMPARISON WITH A SUBJECTIVE METHOD

The quality of bearing production has an impact not only on their reliability and lifetime, but also on the dynamic load of the working and living environment by excessive vibration and thus also noise. The intensity of the noise emitted by a bearing which is perceived by man characterizes the quality of its production. Reducing the dynamic load of mechanical systems and their components is reflected in the working environment by reducing noise emissions and immissions. The article proposes an objective method of bearing quality assessment based on measuring vibro-acoustic parameters of dynamic load of a new bearing using FFT analysis and the magnitude of the amplitude of bearing vibration acceleration and compares it with a subjective method that also uses the human auditory organ to assess bearing quality. The results of vibro-acoustic measurements were analysed in terms of vibration intensity and the noise of the produced bearings. The proposed objective methodology was compared with the subjective evaluation of the quality of bearings and the results of this methodology matched. The proposed methodology is applicable to all types of bearings, and it is possible to automate this methodology in the production process.

Energy Intake and Total Daily Energy Expenditure Assessed by Subjective and Objective Methods in Older Individuals from a Tropical Setting in Brazil

Objectives To assess different methods of estimating energy balance (EB) and its components in a sample of older people (age ≥ 60 years) living in a tropical city in Brazil. Methods EB was calculated in 85 older individuals (69 women) as the difference between energy intake (EI), obtained by three 24-hour dietary recalls on nonconsecutive days, and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) estimated by 24-hour physical activity recalls (24hPAR, subjective method) and accelerometry (ACC, objective method) on the same days. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was estimated by a validated local predictive equations derived from a sample of healthy adults from the same city and by international equations (Schofield). Resting energy expenditure (MET) was also estimated by local predictive equation and the conventional value of 3.5 mL.kg−1.min−1. Anthropometry and % body fat (DXA) assessment was also obtained. Results Mean (SD) age was 69.0 (5.5) years with a mean BMI of 26.7 (4.4) kg.m−2 and %BF of 39.4 (7.9). BMR from locally-derived equations (1050.7 ± 188.7 kcal.day−1) was significantly lower than BMR estimated by the Schofield's equation (1286.5 ± 145.3 kcal.day−1). Likewise, predicted MET was significantly lower than the conventional value. Despite the high prevalence of overweight (66% with BMI ≥ 25 kg.m−2), EB was always negative for the 24hPAR method (−863.5 ± 799.5 kcal.day−1) but positive (252.1 ± 726.6 kcal.day−1) with the ACC method when MET was calculated with population-specific equations. EB estimated by ACC was also negative (−122.7 ± 781.0 kcal.day−1) using the conventional MET value. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that EB is negative when the subjective method of TDEE estimation is used but becomes positive with the objective method. It is also evident that BMR and MET equations derived from samples of the population of interest may help improve the final estimates of TDEE and EB in older adults. Funding Sources CNPq (310,461/2016–20 and 485,168/2011–1) and FAPERJ (E-26/111.496/2011; E-26/202.514/2018; E-26/203.068/2017).

«СУБЪЕКТИВНЫЙ МЕТОД» Н.К. МИХАЙЛОВСКОГО В ОЦИОЛОГИИ И ИСТОРИИ: ПРЕДПОСЫЛОЧНОЕ ЗНАНИЕ, СОПЕРЕЖИВАНИЕ, НРАВСТВЕННАЯ ОЦЕНКА

The article contains an analysis of the theoretical and methodological approach to the study of human society, developed at the end of the 19th century by N.K. Mikhailovsky, a leading theorist of Russian Populism (Narodnichestvo). The author compares the prospects for the application of the «subjective method» elaborated by Mikhailovsky in sociology and history, and distinguishes some components of the «subjective method»: «biased representation» (background knowledge), empathy for the object of research, reconstruction of the ideals and goals of people of the Past, and their moral assessment from the standpoint of the modernity.

Agreement of the clinician's choice of archwire selection on conventional and virtual models

ABSTRACT Objectives: To compare archwire selection on dental casts with archwire selection using a three-dimensional (3D) software program (OrthoAid) and assess agreement between clinicians. Materials and Methods: The best-fitting archwires were selected for dental casts of 100 patients with malocclusion using two approaches by three orthodontists. The first method was to visually determine the fitness of five preformed nickel titanium archwires to the arch form on a dental cast (subjective method). The second method was archwire selection on a virtual image of the same cast by means of 3D software (objective method). Agreement between selections performed by the orthodontists was calculated using Kappa statistics. The accuracy of fit of the archwires to the curves fitted to the arch form was also calculated or reversely assessed by means of the root mean square (RMS) for both methods using the Dahlberg formula. Results: The mean RMS of the distances between the patient arch forms and the archwires for the subjective method was 1.163–1.366 mm. The agreement of selections between orthodontists was 42%–58% (Kappa ranged from .074 to .382). Using the 3D software (objective method), the mean RMS decreased to 0.966–1.171 mm, and agreement increased to 47% to 84% (Kappa ranged from .444 to .747). Conclusions: The use of 3D computer software for archwire selection in patients with malocclusion provided better adaptation and interexaminer reliability.

Lavrov, Pëtr Lavrovich (1823–1900)

Pëtr Lavrov was one of the main theorists of Russian populism (narodnichestvo) – a trend of thought and a movement which crystallized after the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861. There were many different currents within this broad trend but all of them concentrated on the possibility and desirability of securing a non-capitalist way of development for Russia. This was so because the populists, having perceived (often with the help of Marx’s Capital) the contradictions of capitalist development, lost their confidence in ‘European’ progress, recognized in capitalism only a regression and chose therefore an adamantly anti-capitalist stand, combined, as a rule, with backward-looking idealization of the peasant commune. The dominant Western theories of social evolution – from Spencerian liberalism to Marxism – strongly emphasized the ‘objective’ character of the laws of social development and defined capitalism as a necessary phase of progress. Russian populist socialists deeply felt that in Russia’s backward condition such theories offered a convenient tool for apologists of capitalist progress, who sanctioned and justified the suffering of the masses by referring to the ’objective laws of history’ or ‘the iron laws of political economy’. This led them to a demonstrative rejection of the ’objectivist’ conception of progress. Lavrov was the first populist theorist who set against ’objectivism’ a conscious and systematic vindication of ’subjectivism’. He was supported in this by another populist thinker, Nikolai Mikhailovskii. The common features of their views have been labelled ’subjective sociology’ or the ’subjective method’.