Analysis of the Characteristics of the Land Creeping (Slow-Moving) at Seomyeon, Suncheon-Si Area

This study was conducted to prevent land creeping by examining various features such as geology, topography, and physical characteristics, using the case of a land-crawled region. The first land creeping occurred in Seomyeon Suncheon-si in 2000, and the second occurred in 2020; the damaged surface area of the second event was approximately 21.7 times that of the first, and it was discovered Sunchoen-si Landcreep occur because of forest road cut affected. After 1 h, it was moderate at a soil depth of 20, 100, 200, and 250 cm from the surface soil, according to a measurement result of soil dispersity. It was severe at soil depths of 100, 200, and 250 cm, and the clay soil between the bedrock was mild to severe, and it was determined to be severe in locations where groundwater was leaching. The objective study area was a typical land creeping-type landslide caused by weathered rocks, and this area belonged to a type of convex terrain ground (凸) form. The land creeping occurred in the convex area (凸). As a result of analyzing the landslide hazard grade, the creeping land area is found to be different from ordinary landslides because it includes most areas of landslide hazard grade 3–5 and out of the grade. Results show that the land creeping has proceeded in the directions of S15°E, S20°E, S25°E, and S30°E, which is consistent with the direction following the flow duration of groundwater determined using the electrical resistivity survey method.

Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Mubi and Maiha Local Government Areas of Adamawa State, North Eastern Nigeria

This research work is aimed electrical resistivity survey for groundwater development conducted in Mubi and Maiha local government area of Adamawa State, in order to delineate the groundwater potential zones and determining the depth and thickness of sediments layers, and recommend suitable depth for drilling. Fourteen vertical electrical soundings (VES) were carried out within the study area using Schlumberger electrodes configuration was used for the field data acquisition. The field data obtained was analyzed using IX1D computer software and, VES1-14 resistivity model indicate 3-4 layered earth models. The interpretation shows positive inference in terms of a well-defined weathered basement and as such, it is likely to possess requisite hydro-geological characteristics that could supply underground water in fair quantity to well when drilled. Therefore, VES number denoted (R) are recommended for drilling at approximate depths of 40±5 to 50±5 meters.

Exploration of Shallow Geothermal Energy Aquifers by Using Electrical Resistivity Survey in Laki Range Jamshoro district Sindh, Pakistan

Geothermal water is increasingly used around the world for its exploitation. Bulk electrical resistivity differences can bring significant information on variation of subsurface geothermal aquifer characteristics. The electrical resistivity survey was carried out in Laki range in lower Indus basin in the study area to explore the subsurface geothermal aquifers. The Schlumberger electrode configuration with range from 2 m to 220 m depth was applied. Three prominent locations of hot springs were selected including Laki Shah Saddar, Lalbagh and Kai hot spring near Sehwan city. After processing resistivity image data, two hot water geothermal aquifers were delineated at Laki Shah Sadder hot springs. The depth of first aquifer was 56 m and its thickness 38 m in the limestones. The depth of second aquifer of 190 m and with thickness of 96 m hosted in limestone. In Lalbagh hot springs two geothermal aquifers were delineated on the basis of apparent resistivity contrast, the depth of first aquifer zone in sandstone was in sandstone 15 m and thickness 12 m, while the depth of second aquifer was 61m and thickness was 35m. In Kai hot springs two hot water geothermal aquifers were delineated. The depth of first geothermal aquifer was 21m and thickness was 18 m and the depth of second aquifer was 105 m and thickness was 61m present in sandstone lithology. Present work demonstrates the capability of electrical resistivity images to study the potential of geothermal energy in shallow aquifers. These outcomes could potentially lead to a number of practical applications, such as the monitoring or the design of shallow geothermal systems.

Delineation of Lithological Formation in Bukit Merah, Semanggol, Perak Using Groundwater Modelling Software

The knowledge of lithological formation is important to determine the potential aquifer for water resources management. This study aims to delineate the lithological formation of Bukit Merah, Semanggol using geological data. The preparation of lithological formation in the study was based on several factors such as electrical resistivity survey data, available well lithologies, geological map, and geological-related studies in the study area. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profile produced from the resistivity survey was interpreted based on previous studies to determine the subsurface materials on the location. The estimation of soil lithology for the remaining wells was done to generate the overall subsoil pattern in the study area. A total of 15 types of soil were classified to represent the actual lithology in the study area. The simplification of the actual lithology was carried out based on rocks and soils group. The elevation of the ground surface and each soil layer were imported into Visual MODFLOW software, then the interpolation of elevation points was done. Two interpolators; Kriging and Natural Neighbouring were used to generate ground surface and model layers similar to the topography in the study area. As a result, it has been identified that the study areas consist of 4 main layers of lithological formation which are unconsolidated deposit, sedimentary, metamorphic, and granite. The upper layer is dominated by unconsolidated with a maximum thickness of about 150 m in the coastal area. Hence, it is concluded that the unconsolidated deposit layer in Bukit Merah is highly potential with groundwater resources in the alluvium aquifer at the upper layer which has the potential to be developed for purpose of irrigation in a paddy field in the Kerian area.

Application of 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography in the Yeoncheon Titanomagnetite Deposit, South Korea

The Yeoncheon titanomagnetite deposit formed by Precambrian magma differentiation is located in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Our team conducted an airborne magnetic survey for multiscale mineral exploration and then selected a promising survey area. An electrical resistivity survey was carried out in the potential area to image subsurface structure. Because ore minerals are mainly distributed in gabbro monzodiorite rather than quartz monzodiorite, we applied three-dimensional inversion of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data to identify lithology boundaries related to magma differentiation. The resistivity criterion distinguishing the lithologies of gabbro and quartz monzodiorite was determined from laboratory resistivity experimental results performed on drilling cores. The selected region for gabbro monzodiorite extends to the northeast direction, which is consistent with the geology map, magnetic anomaly, and drilling data. The inversion results of ERT can help in selecting the location of geophysical survey or drilling.

Potential Groundwater Exploration in Use of 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) Techniques at the Department of Agriculture Kelantan Research and Developmental Platform Padang Raja Kelantan

2-D electrical resistivity has been a proper investigation survey for determination of subsurface geophysical in describing the complex features geology profile. In this study, an electrical resistivity survey was conducted at paddy cultivation area located in Melor, Kelantan, Malaysia. Since the end plot of paddy field experiences water scarcity especially during dry season, there is a need to find other alternative water source. The study was conducted on 1st and 2nd February 2020 to identify zone area of groundwater for Melor, Kelantan. Four resistivity lines using Induced Polarization (IP) and 2-D Electrical Resistivity Imaging Technique were conducted using a set of ABEM Terrameter SAS4000. Short resistivity survey was applied to gained detail of subsurface formation near the ground, while the longer resistivity survey was applied to obtain deeper subsurface delineation. Measured data obtained was analyzed using RES2DINV software and result of contrast resistivity values was used to determine the geological structures, while the chargeability values were analyzed accordingly to determine area of expected potential groundwater zone. Results from the resistivity profiles show a range values of 0 Ωm to 50,000 Ωm with total maximum acquired depth of 65.6 m below ground surface. The chargeability profiles show a range values of 0 msec to 500 msec, that shows potential of groundwater zone area lies at 0 to 4 msec. It was found that at a depth of 60 to 75 m, 30 m from center of Profile B was suitable for a production well which was expected to be a potential area for groundwater zone.

Groundwater aquifer detection using the electrical resistivity method at Ito Campus, Kyushu University (Fukuoka, Japan)

An electrical resistivity survey was carried out using the pole–pole configuration around the Sayanokami spring area in the northern part of Ito Campus (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) to study the groundwater aquifer and its electrical characteristics. A Code Division Multiple Transmission (CDMT) system was used. The CDMT system transmits 24 currents simultaneously and measures 24 potential responses with monitoring of actual current waveforms. The system can inject current from multiple electrodes into the underground environment simultaneously using different individual current waveforms. The two-dimensional (2-D) inversion results of the electrical resistivity data indicate three layers from top to bottom, as follows: (a) a thin layer with a thickness of 3 m and a low resistivity (< 50 Ω m) representing topsoil; (b) a groundwater aquifer layer with an average resistivity between 50 and 170 Ω m and with a thickness ranging from 7 to 10 m, and (c) a highly resistive bedrock layer with resistivities higher than 200 Ω m and occupying depths from 15 m to the base of the model.

Assessment of groundwater potential zone using GIS-based multi-influencing factor (MIF), multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and electrical resistivity survey techniques in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh, India

The present study involved the combined applications of advanced techniques and tools like remote sensing, GIS, electrical resistivity, MCDA, to assess the potential zones of groundwater occurrence. Several prepared thematic layers, including geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, LULC, drainage density, soil type, slope, and soil texture, were assigned with a weight, depending on their influence on groundwater potential. Normalization concerned with relative contribution is applied in this study using the AHP method. Vertical electrical sounding has been conducted on different points to locate water-bearing formations/fracture zones. The resulting groundwater potential areas that are delineated applying these methods have been categorized into five zones, low, medium, medium-high, high, and very high potential. The groundwater potential zones demarcated show that high potential zones are present in the west and north-eastern portion, while low to medium groundwater potential is located in the central and eastern portion. The obtained result was validated using well yield data, and ROC method from which result accuracy obtained is 80% and the area under the ROC curve is found to be 0.857 at a significance value of less than 0.001, which justifies the efficacy of the proposed approach in the demarcation of groundwater potential zone.