Perception of Working Mothers on Child Development: A Qualitative Study from Pakistan

The inclusion of women in the workforce is imperative for the advancement of every country in the world. In Pakistan the role of women is undergoing dynamic transformation which can have considerable influence on the mother-child relationship and child development. This research attempts to understand the influence of out-of-home maternal employment on the development of child. The study is qualitative in nature using snowball sampling. A total of six working mothers were interviewed from Lahore, Pakistan. Thematic analysis technique has been used to analyze the data. The following themes were identified: (i) Child Neglect; (ii) Strained Child-Parent Relationship; (iii) Child Aggression; (iv) Low Academic Achievement; and (v) Independence and Sense of Responsibility. The study concludes that working mothers need family and employer support to ensure child development in Pakistan. Some of the key reforms that are needed include respect for women’s triple role in society and employment benefits for working mothers.

The Return of Typhoid Mary? Immigrant Workers in Nursing Homes

Nursing homes are dependent on immigrant, female labor as nursing aides, yet these workers are provided with minimal employment benefits, which has led to devastating consequences for vulnerable, older residents during COVID-19. Emerging research suggests that aides are contributors to the increase in coronavirus outbreaks due to working in multiple long-term care facilities and refer to these individuals as “superspreaders.” Specifically, aides have been tied to unwittingly passing on the virus as they may be asymptomatic or pressured to work by employers while symptomatic with limited access to paid sick leave. The plight of these women harkens back to “Typhoid Mary”—also a poor, immigrant woman who was accused of spreading typhoid fever a century ago. This article applies lessons learned from Mary’s shocking and tragic trajectory, then employs critical race theory and feminist jurisprudence to highlight examples of structural and institutional disparities that exist in current paid sick leave laws. Recommendations call for improved oversight in delivery of quality and safety in long-term care by addressing racial, gender, and economic inequalities through paid sick leave laws coupled with strong enforcement.

IMPACT OF IAS 19 ACTUARIAL CALCULATIONS’ ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

International Accounting Standard 19 - Employee Benefits outlines the accounting requirements for employee benefits, including short-term benefits, post-employment benefits, other long-term benefits and termination benefits. The standard establishes the principle that the cost of providing employee benefits should be recognized in the period in which the benefit is earned by the employee, rather than when it is paid or payable, and outlines how each category of employee benefits is measured. Aim of the paper is to determine the degree of IAS 19 implementation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its impact on financial performance of public enterprises. Since no significant negative impact of the implementation of IAS 19 on the financial performance has been proven, it could be recommended that the observed entities consider all its advantages and thus realize the potential benefits for both, the company and the employees.

Intersections and Roads Untravelled: Sex and Family Status in Fraser v Canada

It has been a long road to the judicial recognition of women’s inequality under the Cana‑ dian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.1 The Supreme Court of Canada ruling in Fraser v Can‑ ada is significant for being the first decision where a majority of the Court found adverse effects discrimination based on sex under section 15,2 and it was only two years prior that a claim of sex discrimination in favour of women was finally successful at the Court,3 almost 30 years after their first section 15 decision in Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia. 4 1 Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11 [Charter], s 15. 2 Fraser v Canada (Attorney General), 2020 SCC 28 [Fraser]. 3 Quebec (Attorney General) v Alliance du personnel professionnel et technique de la santé et des services sociaux, 2018 SCC 17 [Alliance] (majority found sex discrimination under s 15 and rejected the government’s justification argument under s 1 in the pay equity context). See also Centrale des syndicats du Québec v Quebec (Attorney General), 2018 SCC 18 [Centrale] (majority found violation of s 15 but accepted the government’s s 1 argument, also in the pay equity context). For comments on these decisions see Fay Faraday, “One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? Substantive Equality, Systemic Discrimination and Pay Equity at the Supreme Court of Canada” (2020) 94 SCLR (2d) 301; Jonnette Watson Hamilton & Jennifer Koshan, “Equality Rights and Pay Equity: Déjà Vu in the Supreme Court of Canada” (2019) 15 JL & Equality 1. See also British Columbia Teachers’ Federation v British Columbia Public School Employers’ Association, 2014 SCC 70 (a one-paragraph decision restoring an arbitrator’s award allowing a s 15 employment benefits claim by women); Newfoundland (Treasury Board) v NAPE, 2004 SCC 66 (finding a violation of s 15 but accepting the government’s s 1 argument, again in the pay equity context).4 [1989] 1 SCR 143, 56 DLR (4th) 1.

Californian gig workers vote to have nationwide impact

Significance The ballot proposition follows a California appeals court ruling in mid-August mandating that Uber drivers are employees and thus Uber is liable to pay taxes and employment benefits accordingly. Through the vote, ride-hailing firms seek to exempt themselves from paying certain employee benefits. Impacts The tech industry more broadly would benefit from the passage of the ballot as it has a large freelance workforce. Other industries may seek exemptions from specific laws using this proposition as precedent. State unemployment and Workman’s Trust Funds will become more fiscally stressed if the ballot passes.

Chinese Students Abroad: Dynamics of the Number and Aims of Educational Travel

This paper discusses the processes of the educational travel of the Chinese students abroad. Based on data of the Ministry of Education of China, publications from the Chinese Internet, original articles published in the world periodicals, the reasons elucidated why the number of students leaving China changed from 2001 to 2018; describes funding sources of educational travel. Information on the contemporary preferences of Chinese students in selection of countries and study programs, aims and reasons of educational travel abroad is provided. The hard competition of the young persons after school on educational services market, expected job difficulties after graduation from national universities and influence of parents are pushing young Chinese people to consider studying abroad. Over the past 10 years, the number of Chinese citizens studying in foreign universities rates more than doubled and reached to 662.1 thousand in 2018. The aim of such migration is not only acquiring advanced western knowledge or improving foreign language skills but also getting the so-called symbolic capital, which arises after graduation from the famous foreign universities. This capital will bring tangible employment benefits and future career privileges in the Chinese companies. Therefore, currently the largest number of Chinese young people seek to become students in English speaking countries, where the concentration of the best world universities included in the top-100 of international rankings is high. The modern professional preferences of Chinese students correspond to the development trends of the China’s national economy and science, and depend on the future employment and opportunity to receive the scholarships from the Government of China.

A Crisis of Confidence in Higher Education: Is Technology the Solution?

Higher education is one of the great successes of the twenty-first century. Once the province of an elite few, a university degree is now commonplace as the industrial revolution transforms into the digital age. However, the process of teaching has not changed much since Aristotle taught at the Lyceum: students still meet their teachers to listen and ponder their words of wisdom. This process has become less desirable for some students who now learn entirely online, or those who cannot reconcile the cost of a degree with its overall employment benefits. Dystopian theories have criticized current online educational practice as leading to inadequate reading, poor recall and confused cognition. But technology is seen by others as a panacea for rising costs, massive class sizes and fully engaging digital native students. Universities and colleges need to make some mindful decisions to curtail decreasing interest, less funding and disruptive competition. Is technology a saviour or an impediment in this process?