Полиэтничность: от теоретических концепций к практике

В статье рассматриваются теоретические подходы к исследованию полиэтничности (конструктивизм, инструментализм). В последние десятилетия произошли значительные процессы переоценки содержания понятий «этническая группа» и «этническая идентичность». Широко распространенными стали идеи гибридизации идентичности, возможности наличия множественных этничностей, как вследствие ускорения объективных процессов этнокультурного «смешения» (этнически неоднородные браки, миграция, урбанизация), так и по субъективным причинам (рутинизация иноэтничного). Полиэтничная идентичность, в свою очередь, тоже может иметь различные модели: от стигматизации и социальной депривации до ощущения полиэтничным индивидом более высокого социокультурного статуса. Авторы приходят к выводу, что в целях более адекватного учета этнокультурного разнообразия российского социума, методология проведения переписей населения должна быть изменена в пользу возможности учета нескольких этноидентичностей и информирования населения об этом. Также «легитимация» групп населения с множественной этноидентичностью имеет потенциал гармонизации межэтнических отношений в России, может способствовать распространению идей единой полиэтничной гражданской российской нации. The article discusses theoretical approaches to the study of multiethnicity – constructivism and instrumentalism. In recent decades, the concepts of "ethnic group" and "ethnic identity" have been significantly reassessed. The ideas of identity hybridization and the possibility of multiple ethnicities have become widespread, both as a result of the objective – acceleration of the ethnocultural "mixing" (ethnically heterogeneous marriages, migration, urbanization) and subjective (routinization of different ethnicities) processes. At the same time, multiethnic identity can have different models: from stigmatization and social deprivation to the subjectively higher socio-cultural status of a multiethnic individual. The authors conclude that in order to more adequately take into account the ethnocultural diversity of the Russian society, the methodology of population censuses should be changed in favor of the possibility of choosing multiple ethnic identities and informing the population about it. Also, the "legitimization" of population groups with multiple ethnic identities has the potential to harmonize interethnic relations in Russia and can contribute to the spread of ideas of a single multiethnic civil Russian nation.

Embodied Resistance: Multiracial Identity, Gender, and the Body

This article explores the importance of the physical body in the development of gendered racial and ethnic identities through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 multiracial/multiethnic women. From a critical mixed race and critical feminist perspective, I argue that the development of an embodied and gendered multiracial and multiethnic identity is a path to questioning and resisting the dominant monoracial order in the United States. Interviews reveal that respondents develop these embodied identities both through understandings of themselves as gendered and raced subjects and through relationships with monoracial individuals. The process by which these women understand their physical bodies as multiracial subjects illustrates a critical embodied component of the social construction of race and ethnicity in the United States.

Accomplishing multiethnic identity in mundane talk

This paper examines identity-related interaction in a group of teenagers at an international school in Japan, focusing particularly on the discursive accomplishment of multiethnic identity among so-called half-Japanese (or “haafu”) people. The study employs Conversation Analysis (CA) and Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) to document three instances of mundane talk in which such multiethnic Japanese teenagers are ethnified through the use of various identity categories and their associated activities and attributes. The analysis demonstrates that multiethnic people use a variety of discursive practices to refute unwanted ethnification, including reworking the category, casting themselves in a different category and refusing to react to category-based provocations. Common to all three cases is the fundamental issue of how ethnicity becomes a resource for speakers in everyday conversation.

Interracial Outposts in Siberia: Nerchinsk, Kiakhta, and the Russo-Chinese Trade in the Seventeenth/Eighteenth Centuries

This essay underlines the essential role of Russo-Chinese border trade in the creation of the multiethnic identity of Siberian outposts such as Nerchinsk and Kiakhta. In the seventeenth/early eighteenth century-under Tsar Peter the Great-Siberia became a meeting place for Russian, Central Asian and Chinese cultures. Furthermore, the Russo-Chinese trade was an important parameter of European economic expansion. Europe and the Far East met territorially only along the Eurasian frontier between Siberia and the Manchu Empire. Profitable trade, however, experienced a severe decline in the 1720s. Peter I's rigid fiscal policy choked off private initiative and prevented Siberia from becoming a major commercial entrepot between the West and East.