FEATURES OF CHINESE EPISTOLOGRAPHY AT AN EARLY STAGE OF ITS FORMATION

The article is devoted to the consideration of writing letters - one of the oldest prose genres in the world literature. In contrast to the Western epistolary heritage, not deprived of the attention of researchers, Chinese epistolary literature and culture are still little studied areas of synology. In this article, we will find out the role that epistolography played in the life of ancient Chinese people, trace the emergence and formation of traditional Chinese epistolography, note the various types of material carriers of epistolary text, clarify the details of the process of writing and sending a letter, try to “find” the genre nature of writing, schematically denote its typological structure; we will list the most common epistolary topoi, outline the themes prevailing in letters, highlight the key function of a letter, the allegorical perception of a letter in the minds of the ancient (and not only) Chinese. The article is intended to vividly show that the fictional epistle in the form in which it originated and developed in the depths of traditional Chinese literature deserves a more detailed examination and is capable of generating interest not only among specialists, but also among a wide circle of readers.

La relación epistolar de Claudio Magris y Biagio Marin

En 2014 la editorial Garzanti publica la totalidad de las cartas existentes que durante veintisiete años intercambiaron el germanista y escritor Claudio Magris y el poeta Biagio Marin. La literatura epistolar es un género muy cercano a la psicología o incluso a la filosofía, ya que en la comunicación escrita que se establece entre los interlocutores suele aparecer el yo más profundo de cada uno de los implicados. Este es el caso de la obra que nos ocupa, Ti devo tanto di ciò che sono. Carteggio Magris-Marin. En esas cartas, los dos grandes literatos discuten de filosofía, literatura, teología, historia y política, al tiempo que intercambian noticias y anécdotas de la propia vida. Tanto el estudioso como el lector curioso encontrará en este trabajo claves de comprensión de la obra de estos dos grandes hombres de las letras italianas. In 2014, Garzanti publishes all the existing letters exchanged for 27 years by the Germanist and writer Claudio Magris and the poet Biagio Marin. The epistolary literature is a genre very close to psychology or even to philosophy, since in the written communication that is established between the interlocutors usually appears the deepest ego of each one of those involved. This is the case of the work that concerns us, Ti devo tanto di ciò che sono. Carteggio Magris-Marin. In these letters, the two great writers discuss philosophy, literature, theology, history and politics, Egeria, witness of the correspondence between women of Christian antiquitywhile exchanging news and anecdotes of their own lives. Both the scholar and the curious reader will find in this work keys of understanding of the work of these two great men of the Italian letters.

Panteleimon Kulish as a Ukrainian informator (based on epistolary literature)

The article is devoted to the coverage of the epistolary work of Panteleimon Kulish, who by his titanic work was able to cover all spheres of the then cultural and political life of Ukraine and to become an informant. The purpose of the article is to identify the communicative and informational components in the cultural and political activity of P. Kulish. Through persistent and tireless publishing, journalistic, translation, literary-critical, writing, pedagogical, historical-ethnographic work and public-political and educational activities, Kulish has proved to be a brilliant Ukrainian informant. All of Kulish’s informative activity was aimed at the ascending mission – awakening the national consciousness of the Ukrainian people! The creation of the Ukrainian national space is the key to the successful and dignified life of the Ukrainian people. Keywords: P. Kulish, epistolary, communication, informative activity, national consciousness.

Peculiarities of the poetics of A. V. Amfiteatrov’s «Woeful Notes»: genre correlations and intertextuality

The article is dedicated to the investigation of the typical peculiarities of A. V. Amfiteatrov’s «Woeful Notes»: correlations the essays with genres of different layers of literature, systematic use of the references to the characters and motives from other texts, wide quotation, handling of well-known historical facts. On the material of the publicistical essays that compiled the book the author of the article shows how the writer enriches the form of the essays by including genre characteristics of epistolary literature (letter), oratorical prose (agitation speech), journalism (obituary), memoirs (literary portrait), folklore (anecdote). An example of the using of the epistolary genre in the texts of «Woeful Notes» is the essays «The Response to the Reader-Emigrant» and «H. Wells in Petrograd». In them the writer embodies his own observations and reflections on the Bolshevik system in the form of a letter, quotes fragments of letters from other people who personally experienced the cataclysms of the revolutionary years. The essay «Laughing Woe» is a speech written to speak at the gathering of emigrants to help the starving in Russia. A. V. Amfiteatrov freely structures the text of the report, keeping the only normative structural element of the agitation speech – a call to necessary action. The essays «N. S. Gumilyov», «In Memory of Abram Kaufman» combine the features of an obituary (they are dedicated to the people who have recently died; they contain biographical information about them and evaluation of their activity) and a literary portrait (leaning on personal memories the author of the essays offers characteristics of «living temper» of people of art). Also, the writer includes «historical-biographical» and «everyday-life» (folk) anecdotes into some of the texts of «Woeful Notes». They serve as illustrations of miscalculations of Bolsheviks and the people’s attitude towards Soviet authorities. The rich intertextuality of the book serves as a figurative reflecting of anti-Bolshevik pathos, bringing the portrayed situations and characters to a more global historical and cultural levels. Separate attention is payed to the issue of historical (events of the Time of Troubles, the French Revolution, the characters of the dictators, conquerors, supporters of political violence) and biblical (motives of the Book of Revelation, the parable about «the mite of the widow» from the Gospel of Mark) allusions in A. V. Amfiteatrov’s «Woeful Notes».