Caught Between the Notions of Ethnicity, Citizenship and Diaspora. The Case of the Bosniaks in Turkey

Along with many others, Bosniaks are an ethnic group within the contemporary Turkish nation with immigrant roots dating back to the last quarter of the 19th century. Constituting a significant ethno-demographic part of the Ottoman legacy within the modern Turkish nation, Bosniaks in Turkey have long refrained from identifying themselves with a separate ethnic or cultural identity when confronted with the assimilationist cultural policies of the new nation state. But, while adapting themselves to Turkish culture and identity, Bosniaks have also preserved a collective identity of Bosniakness, mostly owing to the fact that their population in Turkey has been fed by continuous migration waves in different periods. The aim of this study is to analyze the problematic development of a Bosniak identity in Turkey with regards to the cultural assimilation processes and continuous migration waves and other factors on both foreign and domestic scales. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that Bosniaks in Turkey do not yet constitute a Bosniak diaspora, but rather they can be regarded as a diaspora in the making.

THE ARRIVAL OF MADURA TRADERS TO SUMBAWA BESAR (STUDY OF CULTURAL ASSIMILATION OF SUMBAWA BESAR COMMUNITY WITH MADURA TRADERS)

This study described the history of the arrival of Madurese traders to Sumbawa Besar with a cultural assimilation process of Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities. The purpose of this study was to find out the history of the arrival of Madurese traders to Sumbawa Besar, to find out the cultural assimilation process of Madurese and Sumbawa Besar communities, and to find out the impact of the assimilation between Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities. This research was qualitative research. Data collection was done through direct observation, interviews, documentation, and literature study. The study result concluded that Madurese traders came to Sumbawa in the middle of 17th century through trading relation. In the middle of 20th century around 1920, several Madurese began to explore the land of Sumbawa Besar. The cultural character of open and democratic society made Madurese traders and Sumbawa’s people to assimilate easily. The assimilation process was carried out through social interaction, marriage, trade, and religious processes. The impact of the cultural assimilation of Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities was shown by the establishment of a communication relationship between Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities, the construction of a new community structure for the integrated of Sumbawa Besar community as Tau and Tana Samawa, and the construction of a new culture as Sumbawa’s culture requiring openness and tolerance.

The russification legacy of historical monuments of Uzbekistan

This article illustrates the naming convention of historical monuments by the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union in Uzbekistan. The Russification is a form of cultural assimilation during which the non-Russian communities whether voluntary or involuntary gave up their culture or statehood or language in favor of the Russian culture. Undeniably, the Russification in the naming convention of Uzbekistan’s historical monuments still bears its legacy. For instance, the names of archaeological finding on the territories of Selengur—Kulbulak and Teshiktash—pronounced in the Russian phonetics rather than Uzbek. Rather, Kulbulak is ought to be spelled Qulbuloq; and, Teshiktash—Teshiktosh.

russification legacy of historical monuments of Uzbekistan

This article illustrates the naming convention of historical monuments by the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union in Uzbekistan. The Russification is a form of cultural assimilation during which the non-Russian communities whether voluntary or involuntary gave up their culture or statehood or language in favor of the Russian culture. Undeniably, the Russification in the naming convention of Uzbekistan’s historical monuments still bears its legacy. For instance, the names of archaeological finding on the territories of Selengur—Kulbulak and Teshiktash—pronounced in the Russian phonetics rather than Uzbek. Rather, Kulbulak is ought to be spelled Qulbuloq; and, Teshiktash—Teshiktosh.

A Multi-Level Research Framework for the Analyses of Attitudes Toward Immigrants

<p>Contemporary research on acculturation tended to focus on the sojourners' or immigrants' perspectives on adaptation. The current dissertation however, centers on recipient nationals' attitudes toward immigrants and perceptions of multiculturalism. Three distinctive frameworks to study host nationals' perceptions are adopted; they include: (1) intergroup relations, (2) individual differences, and (3) cultural differences. Five separate studies were done based on the three frameworks using attitudes toward Chinese immigrants as the dependent measure in all except the final study. Based on the intergroup framework, Study 1 and 2 examined the influence of intergroup contact, national pride, perceived permeability, fairness, threat and host community acculturation strategies. Results showed that decreased contact and increased threat predicted less favorable perception towards immigrants (Study 1); respondents who espoused a need for immigrant assimilation and exclusionism, and those who adopted a less individualistic perception towards migration tended to express a more negative attitude (Study 2). Based on an individual differences framework, Study 3 and 4 examined the influence of social dominance orientation, self-esteem, individualism-collectivism, national pride and personal values. Increased self-esteem and collectivism predicted more favorable attitudes toward immigrants, and increased social dominance orientation predicted less favourable perceptions among host nationals who rated high on individualism (Study 3); respondents who placed greater emphases on security and achievement motivation have expressed more negative attitudes, but endorsement of stimulation value predicted more favourable perceptions (Study 4). In the final study, cultural differences were adopted as correlates of attitudes. Secondary data from the Eurobarometer (2000) and Schwartz's and Hofstede's typologies of cultural differences were used. Based on Schwartz's model, increased mastery was associated with less multicultural optimism; increased egalitarian commitment was linked to lesser support for policies that promote co-existence; and increased harmony was related to less demand for cultural assimilation. Based on Hofstede's model, increased masculinity was associated with less multicultural optimism and lower demand for cultural assimilation; and increased uncertainty avoidance was related to decreased multicultural optimism. Overall, two broad dimensions of acculturation experience have emerged from the research, first one is based on an 'invasion' perspective and the second one reflects an 'enrichment' experience.</p>

A Multi-Level Research Framework for the Analyses of Attitudes Toward Immigrants

<p>Contemporary research on acculturation tended to focus on the sojourners' or immigrants' perspectives on adaptation. The current dissertation however, centers on recipient nationals' attitudes toward immigrants and perceptions of multiculturalism. Three distinctive frameworks to study host nationals' perceptions are adopted; they include: (1) intergroup relations, (2) individual differences, and (3) cultural differences. Five separate studies were done based on the three frameworks using attitudes toward Chinese immigrants as the dependent measure in all except the final study. Based on the intergroup framework, Study 1 and 2 examined the influence of intergroup contact, national pride, perceived permeability, fairness, threat and host community acculturation strategies. Results showed that decreased contact and increased threat predicted less favorable perception towards immigrants (Study 1); respondents who espoused a need for immigrant assimilation and exclusionism, and those who adopted a less individualistic perception towards migration tended to express a more negative attitude (Study 2). Based on an individual differences framework, Study 3 and 4 examined the influence of social dominance orientation, self-esteem, individualism-collectivism, national pride and personal values. Increased self-esteem and collectivism predicted more favorable attitudes toward immigrants, and increased social dominance orientation predicted less favourable perceptions among host nationals who rated high on individualism (Study 3); respondents who placed greater emphases on security and achievement motivation have expressed more negative attitudes, but endorsement of stimulation value predicted more favourable perceptions (Study 4). In the final study, cultural differences were adopted as correlates of attitudes. Secondary data from the Eurobarometer (2000) and Schwartz's and Hofstede's typologies of cultural differences were used. Based on Schwartz's model, increased mastery was associated with less multicultural optimism; increased egalitarian commitment was linked to lesser support for policies that promote co-existence; and increased harmony was related to less demand for cultural assimilation. Based on Hofstede's model, increased masculinity was associated with less multicultural optimism and lower demand for cultural assimilation; and increased uncertainty avoidance was related to decreased multicultural optimism. Overall, two broad dimensions of acculturation experience have emerged from the research, first one is based on an 'invasion' perspective and the second one reflects an 'enrichment' experience.</p>

Multiculturalism and Cultural Assimilation

Multicultural individuals need to navigate different cultural grounds and identities, and in turn fields like acculturative and cultural psychology have employed theories, frameworks, and research to capture and understand such experiences. Early articulations of such processes utilized unidimensional and bidimensional models to conceptualize experiences of being a part of more than one cultural group. However, such models have received numerous criticisms, ranging from contested definitions to inconclusive empirical evidence. These early models have been especially criticized for their inability to capture the dynamic and complex nature of cultural experiences. To address these problems, newer frameworks have been put forth that utilize multifaceted approaches to capture the inherently dynamic nature of cultural negotiating processes.

Resuming Gynocratic Principles: Cultural Reterritorialization of Native Traditions in Linda Hogan’s Fiction

Native Americans&rsquo; cultural system has been utterly undermined in the early colonial conquest and the later neo-colonial expansion. Cultural annihilation is primarily caused by the forced cultural assimilation, especially by the white government&rsquo;s practice of eradicating native traditions and beliefs. To rebuild the native culture system, Native American writer Linda Hogan attempts to employ the pre-colonial gynocratic principles in her literary creation, thus reterritorializing their cultural identity among the modern natives. This paper reveals how Hogan effectively resumes the ancient gynocratic principles by portraying a series of typical female images in the woman-centered native community, with an aim to fight against cultural assimilation guided by the white male-dominated western metaphysical epistemology.